[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-38502-en":3,"doc-seo-38502-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},38502,1374391974468,"Eden","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture","Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture (OPCAT) examines how prevention of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment can be strengthened through a treaty focused on implementation and practical work. The work highlights OPCAT’s central system of visits at international and national levels, detailing the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT), National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs), and the role of related bodies. It also reviews key issues from drafting to early years after entry into force, including mandates, powers, and operational challenges.","THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE UN CONVENTION AGAINST TORTURE  \nThis page intentionally left blank  \nThe Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture  \nRACHEL MURRAY  \nEL INA STEINERTE  \nMALCOLM EVANS ANTENOR HALL O DE WOLF  \n1  \n3  \nGreat Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.  \nIt furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries  \nPublished in the United States  \nby Oxford University Press Inc., New York  \n\\# Rachel Murray, Elina Steinerte, Malcolm Evans, Antenor Hallo de Wolf, 2011 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland  \nFirst published 2011  \nAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,  \nwithout the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available  \nLibrary of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data  \nData available  \nTypeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India  \nPrinted in Great Britain  \non acid-free paper by CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire  \nISBN 978–0–19–960219–3  \n1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2  \nForeword  \nThis book by Bristol University’s OPCAT team is a welcome contribution to our understanding of a unique advance in the field of protection against torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. The authors are well placed to examine how OPCAT has built on existing international human rights law concerning prevention of torture, whilst marking a historic departure in UN human rights treaties: the first treaty instrument with a primary focus on implementation and work in the field rather than the traditional emphasis on monitoring through a reporting system. OPCAT’s central concept involves a system of visits atthe international and national level for the prevention of torture and other forms of ill-treatment. This concept is analysed in detail, with attention to each of the component parts of the OPCAT system:  \n• the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT), as a new generation of UN treaty body focused on preventive operational work;  \n• the National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs), arguably the most important new feature, as independent mechanisms that States Parties are obliged to develop and maintain at national level to carry out regular visits to all places of deprivation of liberty; and  \n• the various international bodies already carrying out similar work at the universal or regional level.  \nIn its sequence of chapters, the book considers OPCAT within the context of international law relating to torture and other forms of ill-treatment and examines the key issues as they have emerged over time: during the drafting stages, the eventual adoption of OPCAT, and through the first years after its entry into force. It is important that these developments are viewed from a variety ","cbCaigqY39JSiUjj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigqY39JSiUjj","pdf",1307411,1,262,"English","en",105,"# Foreword\n## OPCAT’s preventive focus and implementation approach\n## Core visit system: SPT, NPMs, and related bodies\n## Key issues across drafting, adoption, and early operation\n## Mandates, powers, and operational challenges","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture (OPCAT)?\",\"answer\":\"OPCAT centers on preventing torture and other ill-treatment through an implementation-oriented treaty approach focused on practical work rather than traditional reporting emphasis.\"},{\"question\":\"Which bodies are central to OPCAT’s system of prevention visits?\",\"answer\":\"OPCAT relies on the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT), National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs), and existing international bodies that carry out similar prevention work at universal or regional levels.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges do the SPT and NPMs face in fulfilling their mandates?\",\"answer\":\"They face obstacles related to the difficulty of torture prevention and the operating contexts, including gaps in UN support for SPT work with NPMs, and for NPMs, frequent lack of dedicated resources, legal mandate deficiencies, and limitations on 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is the main purpose of the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention Against Torture (OPCAT)?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"OPCAT centers on preventing torture and other ill-treatment through an implementation-oriented treaty approach focused on practical work rather than traditional reporting emphasis.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Which bodies are central to OPCAT’s system of prevention visits?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"OPCAT relies on the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture (SPT), National Preventive Mechanisms (NPMs), and existing international bodies that carry out similar prevention work at universal or regional levels.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"What challenges do the SPT and NPMs face in fulfilling their mandates?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"They face obstacles related to the difficulty of torture prevention and the operating contexts, including gaps in UN support for SPT work with NPMs, and for NPMs, frequent lack of dedicated 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