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--- |\n| Arizona State University |  |\n| Volume 24 Number 31 March 7, 2016 ISSN 1068-2341 |  |\n\nOpting Out: Parents Creating Contested Spaces to Challenge Standardized Tests  \nDana Mitra  \nPennsylvania State University  \nUnited States  \nBryan Mann  \nPennsylvania State University  \nUnited States  \nMark Hlavacik  \nUniversity of North Texas  \nUnited States  \nCitation: Mitra, D., Mann, B., and Hlavacik, M. (2016) . Opting out: Parents creating contested spaces to challenge standardized tests. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 24(31) .  \n[http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v24.2142](http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v24.2142)  \nAbstract: We explore how the opt-out movement has responded to the combination of astringent federal policy with weak and often variable implementation among the states. Gaps between federal expectations and states’ understandings of just how to make NCLB’s demands a reality have created policy ambiguity. Parents who oppose standardized testing have recognized the resulting tensions and oversights in state education systems as a policy vacuum rife with opportunities for resistance. We examine how parents have exploited policy ambiguity through creating contested spaces—places of  \nagency in stringent policy environments in which grassroots can question policy authority and take action. We conclude by considering whether these contested spaces are sustainable and whether the policy outcomes generated in contested spaces are reasonably equitable.  \nKeywords: parent participation; accountability; state policy; ambiguity (context); policy analysis; standardized tests  \nOptando por salirse: Padres creando espacios de disputa para desafiar las pruebasestandarizadas  \nResumen: Exploramos cómo el movimiento de opt-out (optando por salirse) ha respondido a la combinación de una política federal estricta con una débil y con frecuencia variable aplicación de esas políticas entre los Estados. Las brechas entre las expectativas federales y como los estados entienden cómo cumplir con las demandas de la ley NCLB han creado ambigüedad política. Los padres que se oponen a las pruebas estandarizadashan reconocido las tensiones resultantes y falta de atención de los sistemas educativos estatales como un vacío político plagado de oportunidades de resistencia. Examinamos cómo los padres han aprovechado la ambigüedad política a través de la creación deespacios de disputa-lugares de la agencia en entornos políticos restringidos en el quemovimientos de base pueden cuestionar la autoridad política y tomar acción. Concluimos considerando si estos espacios de disputa son sostenibles y si los resultados de las políticasque se generan en espacios de disputas son razonablemente equitativas.  \nPalabras clave: participación de los padres; rendición de cuentas; política de Estado; ambigüedad (contexto); análisis de políticas; pruebas estandarizadas  \nOptando por sair-se: Os pais que criam espaços de disputa para desafiar os testes padronizados  \nResumo: Nós exploramos a forma como o movimento de optando por sair-se (opting out) respondeu à combinação de políticas federais estritas e fracas com frequência variável implementação dessas políticas entre os estados. As lacunas entre as expectativas da lei federal NCLB e as respostas estaduais para atender às demandas criaram ambigüidade política. Os pais que se opõem a testes padronizados têm reconhecido as tensões resultantes e falta de atenção dos sistemas de ensino estaduais como um vácuo político cheio de oportunidades para a resistência. Nós examinamos como os pais tomaram aambigüidade política através da criação de espaços de disputa/lugares para exercitaragência em ambientes políticos restritos em que os movimentos populares podem desafiara autoridade política e tomar medidas. Conclui-se, verificando se estas áreas de litígio sãosustentáveis e se os resultados das políticas gera","cbCaivWs7yZiKs2N","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivWs7yZiKs2N","pdf",801337,23,"English","# Introduction\n## Opt-out movement and standardized testing\n## Federal policy and state implementation\n## Parents’ collective action and contested spaces","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study focus on regarding the opt-out movement?\",\"answer\":\"The study examines how opt-out responds to stringent federal policy alongside weak and variable state implementation, creating policy ambiguity.\"},{\"question\":\"How do parents opposing standardized testing use policy ambiguity?\",\"answer\":\"They exploit tensions and oversights in state education systems by creating contested spaces that allow grassroots to question policy authority and take action.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the study evaluate about contested spaces and their outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"It considers whether contested spaces are sustainable and whether the policy outcomes generated through them are reasonably equitable.\"}]","Opting Out: Parents Creating Contested Spaces to Challenge Standardized Tests | PDF",1792093288,58]