[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-590190-105":59,"doc-detail-590190-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","opting-out-of-standardized-tests-at-the-secondary-level-a-geographic-analysis-of-colorado","Opting Out of Standardized Tests at the Secondary Level - A Geographic Analysis of Colorado","","Examines the geography of Colorado’s secondary student opt-out movement, despite its parent-driven origins nationally. Using Colorado Measures of Academic Success (CMAS) 2016–2019 data and school-level demographic information, the study applies ordinary least squares regression and multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR). Results highlight how geographic patterns shape social networks surrounding opt-out efforts and offer insight into youth activism in Colorado’s education context.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/opting-out-of-standardized-tests-at-the-secondary-level-a-geographic-analysis-of-colorado/590190/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/opting-out-of-standardized-tests-at-the-secondary-level-a-geographic-analysis-of-colorado/590190.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-02","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What behavior is measured in this study of Colorado opt-outs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study uses CMAS participation and nonparticipation as the opt-out behavior measure among secondary students in Colorado between 2016 and 2019.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the article focus on geography when analyzing the opt-out movement?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It argues that geographic location influences the social networks and patterns that enable or shape opt-out activity across the state and among schools.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which statistical methods are used to examine relationships between demographics and opt-out behavior?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The study first applies ordinary least squares regression, then uses multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to model school-level demographic relationships for 11th-grade assessments.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590190,1792189343,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2023, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1–21 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584231169735  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2023. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nOpting Out of Standardized Tests at the Secondary Level—A Geographic Analysis of Colorado  \nLydia Ross  \nArizona State University  \nKathryn P. Chapman  \nUniversity of Florida  \nSherman Dorn  \nArizona State University  \nCarlos R. Casanova  \nArizona State University  \nAlthough much of the national opt-out movement is parent driven, the Colorado opt-out movement involved considerable efforts from high school students. This study explores the geography of the Colorado opt-out movement among secondary students, drawing upon social movements theory. We utilize the Colorado Measures of Academic Success (CMAS) as a measure of opt-out behavior in Colorado between 2016–2019. We also examine school-level demographic data. We first applied ordinary least squares regression and then utilize multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to examine the relationships between school-level demographics and opting out behavior for 11th-grade standardized assessments in Colorado. This analysis demonstrates the importance of geography in enacting social networks surrounding the opt-out movement in the state of Colorado. This study offers insight into opting out in the unique context of youth activism in Colorado, with a specific focus on geographical analysis.  \nKeywords: activism, geography, MGWR, policy, regression analyses, secondary schools, student behavior/attitude, testing  \nEach spring in Colorado, students in grades 3, 8, and 11 participate in the Colorado Measures of Academic Success (CMAS) standardized tests in literacy, mathematics, social studies, and science (Colorado Department of Education, 2021) . Although “required,” many students opt out of the tests by not attending their school that day. Opting-out behavior has grown considerably in recent years and is now a movement in education (Burris, 2016; Pizmony-Levy & Green Saraisky, 2016, 2021) .  \nOne prominent reason for opting out in Colorado is that not all students or their parents or guardians believe in the importance or relevance of CMAS testing (e.g., Abraham et al., 2018; Amrein-Beardsley et al., 2010; Mason, 2018; McKeon & Gitomer, 2019; McLoud, 2019; Paladino, 2020; Paquin Morel, 2019) . As reported through media sources, some of these parents or guardians have taken their actions a step further and have begun collectively organizing in  \nsupport of the opt-out movement (Erdahl, 2014) . One such group, United Opt Out, was founded in 2010 to protest highstakes testing tied to school accountability and student achievement (Erdahl, 2014) . In the state of Colorado, much of opting out is driven by students themselves walking out and protesting the taking of standardized tests on the exact dates of the tests; thus, we see higher levels of opting out behavior among higher grades, as highlighted in Colorado newspaper articles (Engdahl, 2015; Gorski, 2015a, 2015b; Mullen, 2022) .  \nThis study analyzes opting out behavior in Colorado, a state with a long history of education movements and resistance. Colorado has one of the most prominent opt-out movements in the country (Bennett, 2016; Mullen, 2022; Pizmony-Levy, 2018; Ujifusa, 2015a, 2015b) . Focusing on individual states can be important to understanding opt-out movements because there is not one clear pattern with test  \nCreative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons  \nAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/)) which permits non-commercial use,  \nreproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is ","cbCaik2T3SCqeyJV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik2T3SCqeyJV","pdf",2006553,21,"English","# Introduction\n# Study Methods\n# Results and Implications\n# Context of Youth Activism","[{\"question\":\"What behavior is measured in this study of Colorado opt-outs?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses CMAS participation and nonparticipation as the opt-out behavior measure among secondary students in Colorado between 2016 and 2019.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the article focus on geography when analyzing the opt-out movement?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that geographic location influences the social networks and patterns that enable or shape opt-out activity across the state and among schools.\"},{\"question\":\"Which statistical methods are used to examine relationships between demographics and opt-out behavior?\",\"answer\":\"The study first applies ordinary least squares regression, then uses multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) to model school-level demographic relationships for 11th-grade assessments.\"}]","Opting Out of Standardized Tests at the Secondary Level - A Geographic Analysis of Colorado | PDF",1792069034,53]