[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-127833-en":3,"doc-seo-127833-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},127833,1099523885336,"Violet","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Optimizing the Pump Storage System for Hot Water Showering at Swimming Pools - Article","Previous studies highlight energy- and water-saving opportunities from showering facilities in residential buildings, yet public showering places with multiple showerheads operating by opening hours remain underexplored. This study measured water flow rate in a swimming-pool water supply pipe to characterize showering water-use patterns on typical cold and warm days. Results indicate average consumption of 50.5 L/person in December and 38.6 L/person in April, with flow fluctuations exceeding twice the average, revealing inefficient pump operation. A properly sized water tank is recommended to stabilize flow, improve supply efficiency, and reduce pump energy use.","water   \nArticle  \nOptimizing the Pump Storage System for Hot Water Showering at Swimming Pools  \nLing-Tim Wong , Chun-San Chan , Kwok-Wai Mui * and Dadi Zhang   \nCitation: Wong, L.-T.; Chan, C.-S.; Mui, K.-W.; Zhang, D. Optimizing the Pump Storage System for Hot Water Showering at Swimming Pools. Water 2023, 15, 2083. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/w15112083](10.3390/w15112083)  \nAcademic Editors: Kairong Lin, Jingwen Zhang and Pan Yang  \nReceived: 25 April 2023  \nRevised: 23 May 2023  \nAccepted: 28 May 2023  \nPublished: 31 May 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Building Environment and Energy Engineering, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; [beltw@polyu.edu.hk](beltw@polyu.edu.hk) (L.-T.W.)  \n* [Correspondence: behorace@polyu.edu.hk](Correspondence: behorace@polyu.edu.hk)  \nAbstract: Previous studies have demonstrated the energy-and water-saving potentials of showering facilities in residential buildings. However, the prospect of public showering places where multiple showerheads usually worked together according to their opening hours has often been overlooked and rarely investigated. This study measured the water flow rate in a water supply pipe to understand the water-use patterns and water consumption of showering facilities in a swimming pool. The measurements were carried out on typical cold and warm days. The results showed that the average water consumption was 50.5 L/person in December (T = 19.7 􀀎 C) and 38.6 L/person in April (T = 24.5 􀀎 C) . The fluctuation of the water flow rate demonstrated a water demand pattern for the showering facilities, where the maximum water flow rate was more than twice the average level, indicating inefficient working modes of the water supply pump. To improve the current situation, an appropriately sized water tank was suggested to be installed, which could ensure a more stable water flow rate in the main supply pipe, enhancing the water supply system efficiency and saving energy for the water pump. These results contribute to establishing the design data for optimizing water tank design in swimming pools or similar buildings with public showering demand and illustrate the energy-saving potential of water supply systems in showering facilities. Nevertheless, the results of this study are only based on theoretical calculations. More comprehensive field studies with a water tank are required to confirm these findings and better elucidate the effects.  \nKeywords: showering; water supply system; water distribution; hot water  \n1. Introduction  \nTo combat climate change, all parts of the world are actively taking action to save energy and reduce carbon emissions. One of the simplest and most effective methods is to increase energy prices. Because of the rise in energy prices, reducing energy consumption in water utilities, especially water supply systems, has also attracted much attention since considerable energy is consumed in each stage, including water pumping, treatment, and distribution [1–3] . Statistics indicate that most of the energy consumed in water supply systems is because of pumping [2] . An investigation of pumping systems showed that many existing pump stations are oversized by more than 20%, which leads to inefficient pump operation and high energy consumption [4] . Therefore, an efficient water supply system has significant potential to save energy.  \nBuilding water supply systems can be divided into two types: direct and indirect [5] . The direct water supply system conveys water directly from the public water main to the end users without any transit w","cbCaikTsOHBmzNoy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikTsOHBmzNoy","pdf",2414528,2,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Water supply systems: direct vs indirect\n## Energy use in pumping and design limitations\n## Public showering at swimming pools","[{\"question\":\"Why do the authors focus on swimming pools and public showering places?\",\"answer\":\"Public showering facilities, such as swimming pool-associated areas, often involve multiple showerheads operating according to opening hours, creating demand peaks that are frequently overlooked in energy optimization research.\"},{\"question\":\"What measurements were used to analyze showering water use?\",\"answer\":\"Water flow rate in the swimming pool water supply pipe was measured to determine water-use patterns and water consumption of showering facilities on typical cold and warm days.\"},{\"question\":\"How does adding a water tank improve the pump storage system?\",\"answer\":\"An appropriately sized water tank can stabilize the main-pipe water flow rate, enhance water supply system efficiency, and reduce energy consumption of the water pump, mitigating inefficient operating modes revealed by flow fluctuations.\"}]","Optimizing the Pump Storage System for Hot Water Showering at Swimming Pools - 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