[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-81489-en":3,"doc-seo-81489-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},81489,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",8,"Research & Report","Optimal Hub Placement and Deadlock Free Routing for Payment Channel Network Scalability","Payment channel hubs enable high-throughput off-chain transactions by routing payments through powerful intermediaries. Existing payment channel hub schemes typically assume hubs are preplaced and focus on per-sender routing, which can harm load balancing and scalability, including deadlock. This work introduces a multi-hub approach with scalable placement solutions and a deadlock-free routing protocol using dynamic rate adjustment based on global network state and local client requests. Experiments show improved throughput versus state-of-the-arts.","Optimal Hub Placement and Deadlock-Free Routing for Payment Channel Network Scalability  \nLingxiao Yang∗ , Xuewen Dong∗ ,􀀀 , Sheng Gao†, Qiang Qu‡, Xiaodong Zhang∗ , Wensheng Tian§ , Yulong Shen∗  \n∗ School of Computer Science and Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, China,  \n[lxyang@stu.xidian.edu.cn](lxyang@stu.xidian.edu.cn), {xwdong, [zhangxiaodong](zhangxiaodong}@xidian.edu.cn)[}](zhangxiaodong}@xidian.edu.cn)[@xidian.edu.cn](zhangxiaodong}@xidian.edu.cn), [ylshen@mail.xidian.edu.cn](ylshen@mail.xidian.edu.cn)  \n†School of Information, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, [China. sgao@cufe.edu.cn](China. sgao@cufe.edu.cn)  \n‡Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Techbology, Chinese Academy of Sciences;  \nHuawei Blockchain Lab, Huawei Cloud Tech Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, [China. quqiang4@huawei.com](China. quqiang4@huawei.com)[ ](China. quqiang4@huawei.com)§ Nanhu Lab, Jiaxing, [China. tws@nanhulab.ac.cn](China. tws@nanhulab.ac.cn)  \narXiv :2305 . 19182v2 [ cs .DC] 31 May 2023  \nAbstract—As a promising implementation model of payment channel network (PCN), payment channel hub (PCH) could achieve high throughput by providing stable off-chain transactions through powerful hubs. However, existing PCH schemes assume hubs are preplaced in advance, not considering payment requests’distribution and may affect network scalability, especially network load balancing. In addition, current source routing protocols with PCH allow each sender to make routing decision on his/her own request, which may have a bad effect on performancescalability (e.g., deadlock) for not considering other senders’requests. This paper proposes a novel multi-PCHs solution with high scalability. First, we are the first to study the PCH placement problem and propose optimal/approximation solutions with load balancing for small-scale and large-scale scenarios, by trading off communication costs among participants and turning the original NP-hard problem into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem solving by supermodular techniques. Then, on global network states and local directly connected clients’ requests, a routing protocol is designed for each PCH with a dynamic adjustment strategy on request processing rates, enabling highperformance deadlock-free routing. Extensive experiments show that our work can effectively balance the network load, and improve the performance on throughput by 29.3% on average compared with state-of-the-arts.  \nIndex Terms—Payment Channel Network, Placement, Routing, Scalability.  \nI. INTRODUCTION  \nCryptocurrencies are gaining popularity in the financial ecosystem. However, the scalability issues of their underlying blockchain technology are still challenging. Since each transaction needs to be confirmed by the consensus mechanism, this can take several minutes to hours. Instead of continually improving the design of the consensus mechanism, a leading layer-2 proposal for addressing the scalability challenge relies on off-chain payment channels [1], [2] . The core idea is to move mass transactions submitted on-chain to off-chain and  \n􀀀 Xuewen Dong is the corresponding author. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission. Request permissions [from pubs-permissions@ieee.org.](from pubs-permissions@ieee.org. ICDCS)[ ICDCS](from pubs-permissions@ieee.org. ICDCS) ’23, July 18-21, 2023, Hong Kong, China. © 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s) . Publication rights licensed to IEEE.  \nexecute them securely using a locking mechanism. Only the key steps (e.g., resolving disputes, openi","cbCaiac8zWxeF8nT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiac8zWxeF8nT","pdf",8841030,4,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What scalability problem does payment channel hub (PCH) design face in practice?\",\"answer\":\"Scalability is hindered by assumptions that hubs are preplaced without considering request distribution, which can worsen network load balancing. Source routing decisions made independently by each sender can also degrade performance and lead to issues such as deadlock.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper address the payment channel hub placement problem?\",\"answer\":\"It formulates an optimal/approximation placement strategy with load balancing, converting an NP-hard placement task into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem using supermodular techniques for small- and large-scale scenarios.\"},{\"question\":\"How is deadlock-free routing achieved under the proposed multi-PCHs solution?\",\"answer\":\"A routing protocol is designed for each PCH based on global network states and local requests from directly connected clients. It uses a dynamic adjustment strategy on request processing rates to enable high-performance deadlock-free routing.\"}]",1784173785,28,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"optimal-hub-placement-and-deadlock-free-routing-for-payment-channel-network-scalability","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/optimal-hub-placement-and-deadlock-free-routing-for-payment-channel-network-scalability/81489/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-24","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What scalability problem does payment channel hub (PCH) design face in practice?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Scalability is hindered by assumptions that hubs are preplaced without considering request distribution, which can worsen network load balancing. Source routing decisions made independently by each sender can also degrade performance and lead to issues such as deadlock.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the paper address the payment channel hub placement problem?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It formulates an optimal/approximation placement strategy with load balancing, converting an NP-hard placement task into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem using supermodular techniques for small- and large-scale scenarios.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How is deadlock-free routing achieved under the proposed multi-PCHs solution?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"A routing protocol is designed for each PCH based on global network states and local requests from directly connected clients. 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