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This review summarizes current state-of-the-art fabrication and metrology methods, covering manufacturing classification, measurement technologies, verification/standards, and future directions. Key themes include sub-nanometer surface accuracy, higher large-batch efficiency, and improved intelligent and automated integration of fabrication with advanced metrology to support next-generation telescope programs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/optical-manufacturing-and-testing-of-large-aperture-optical-mirrors-a-review/269403/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/optical-manufacturing-and-testing-of-large-aperture-optical-mirrors-a-review/269403.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Gelato","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main focus of this review paper?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It reviews state-of-the-art fabrication and testing technologies for large-aperture optical mirrors, emphasizing representative telescope projects and key metrology technologies.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why are manufacturing and testing technologies critical for large-aperture telescopes?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Scientific mission performance relies on the mirrors meeting demanding specifications such as aperture, surface figure accuracy, roughness, thermal stability, lightweight structure, and support accuracy.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What directions for development are highlighted for future progress?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The paper highlights sub-nanometer surface accuracy, improved large-batch manufacturing efficiency, upgrades to metrology equipment and methodologies, and intelligent/automated integration of fabrication and metrology systems.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},269403,1789451284,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},19241457091524,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Li et al. Light: Advanced Manufacturing (2026) 7: 104 [www.light-am.com](www.light-am.com)  \n[https://doi.org/10.37188/lam.2026.104](https://doi.org/10.37188/lam.2026.104)  \nReview Open Access  \nOptical manufacturing and testing of largeaperture optical mirrors: a review  \nLongxiang Li1,2,3, Xuejun Zhang1,2,3,*, Qiang Cheng1,2,3, Donglin Xue1,2,3, Ximing Liu1,2,3, Yunfan Yang1,2,3, Hongshi Li1,2,3 and Runmu Cheng1,2,3  \nAbstract  \nLarge-aperture telescopes are indispensable tools for astronomical research. Over the past few decades, a host of representative projects have been developed, whose performance relies heavily on the manufacturing and testing technologies for large-aperture mirrors. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art fabrication and testing methods for large optical mirrors and is structured into five parts: application background, classification of manufacturing techniques, overview of metrology technologies, verification and standards, as well as conclusions and future perspectives. Sustained innovation in fabrication and testing lays a solid foundation for technological progress in this field and the implementation of next-generation telescope projects. Key development directions include achieving sub-nanometer-level surface accuracy, boosting large-batch manufacturing efficiency, upgrading metrology equipment and methodologies, and promoting the intelligent and automated integration in fabrication and metrology systems. It is expected that this review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers aiming to gain a full insight into understanding of manufacturing and testing technologies for large-aperture optical components.  \nKeywords: Large-aperture telescope, Optical fabrication, Optical testing  \nIntroduction  \nLarge-aperture telescopes serve as critical enabling technologies for a broad spectrum of applications, including astronomical observation, space science, Earth observation, exoplanet detection, gravitational-wave counterpart searches, environmental monitoring, disaster early warning, high-resolution imaging, and spectral analysis. Driven by these diverse demands, major international roadmaps and research programs have continued to promote the construction of advanced observation facilities and the development of next-  \nCorrespondence: Xuejun Zhang ([zxj@ciomp.ac.cn](zxj@ciomp.ac.cn))  \n1Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China  \n2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article.  \ngeneration telescope technologies.  \nThe realization of these scientific missions depends strongly on advances in precision optical manufacturing and testing. Large-aperture optical mirrors must simultaneously meet demanding requirements in aspects such as aperture, surface figure accuracy, surface roughness, thermal stability, structural lightweight, and support accuracy. Their manufacturing therefore requires a coordinated technology chain: after the structural design and mirror blank preparation are completed, finer surface processing is carried out. In this process, surface figure error testing and geometric measurement iteratively guide and constrain manufacturing continuously to converge errors to meet high-precision surface figure standards before final acceptance.  \nOver the past several decades, numerous manufacturing  \n© The Author(s) 2026  \nOpen Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation,  \ndistribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article′s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit lin","cbCairkgqXHs7JVS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairkgqXHs7JVS","pdf",56762368,41,"English","# Introduction\n## Requirements for large-aperture telescope mirrors\n## Coordinated manufacturing and iterative testing\n# Review scope and structure\n## Fabrication and testing methods\n## Metrology, verification and standards\n## Future perspectives","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of this review paper?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews state-of-the-art fabrication and testing technologies for large-aperture optical mirrors, emphasizing representative telescope projects and key metrology technologies.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are manufacturing and testing technologies critical for large-aperture telescopes?\",\"answer\":\"Scientific mission performance relies on the mirrors meeting demanding specifications such as aperture, surface figure accuracy, roughness, thermal stability, lightweight structure, and support accuracy.\"},{\"question\":\"What directions for development are highlighted for future progress?\",\"answer\":\"The paper highlights sub-nanometer surface accuracy, improved large-batch manufacturing efficiency, upgrades to metrology equipment and methodologies, and intelligent/automated integration of fabrication and metrology systems.\"}]","Optical manufacturing and testing of large-aperture optical mirrors - a review | PDF",103]