[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-437133-105":59,"doc-detail-437133-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","optic-neuropathies-clinical-features-evaluation-and-management","Optic Neuropathies - Clinical Features, Evaluation, and Management","","Optic neuropathies are clinical conditions affecting the optic nerve, ranging from ischemic, inflammatory, toxic, nutritional, compressive, and infiltrative causes to elevated intracranial pressure and hereditary disease. The work emphasizes prompt, accurate assessment because the cause of optic nerve dysfunction guides both diagnostic testing and treatment planning. Evaluation starts with careful history and examination, recognizing findings such as reduced visual acuity, color vision impairment, relative afferent pupillary defect, and visual field deficits, with neuroimaging of the orbits as a key test.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/optic-neuropathies-clinical-features-evaluation-and-management/437133/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/optic-neuropathies-clinical-features-evaluation-and-management/437133.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"kopisore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What conditions are included within optic neuropathies?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Optic neuropathies include any congenital or acquired disorders affecting the optic nerve, caused by ischemia, inflammation (including infections and autoimmune causes), elevated intracranial pressure, compression/infiltration, toxins, nutritional deficiencies, and hereditary diseases.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What are key clinical signs suggesting optic nerve dysfunction?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Typical signs include decreased visual acuity, color vision impairment, a relative afferent pupillary defect in the affected eye, and visual field deficits.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is neuroimaging of the orbits important in evaluation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Neuroimaging of the orbits is one of the most useful tests for determining the underlying cause, which in turn supports additional diagnostic testing and formulation of a targeted treatment plan guided by the differential diagnosis.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},437133,1791308107,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090880963,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Optic Neuropathies  \nBy Lindsey B. De Lott, MD, MS  \nABSTRACT  \nOBJECTIVE: This article highlights the clinical features, evaluation, and management of optic neuropathies commonly encountered in clinical practice.  \nLATEST DEVELOPMENTS: Optic neuropathies encompass all conditions affecting the optic nerve, including those caused by ischemia, inflammation (including infections and autoimmune causes), elevated intracranial pressure, compression and infiltration, toxins, nutritional deficiencies, and hereditary diseases. Surgical and medical treatments targeting the specific causes of optic neuropathies are rapidly expanding, such as surgical options to address papilledema in patients with elevated intracranial pressure and the development of gene therapies for hereditary optic neuropathies. These advances underscore the importance of swift and accurate assessments to identify the cause of optic nerve dysfunction. The evaluation of the patient with an optic neuropathy begins with a careful history and examination. Signs of optic nerve dysfunction include decreased visual acuity, color vision impairment, a relative afferent pupillary defect in the affected eye, and visual field deficits. Neuroimaging of the orbits is one of the most useful tests in determining the cause of an optic neuropathy. Additional diagnostic testing and the formulation of a treatment plan should be guided by the differential diagnosis.  \nESSENTIAL POINTS: Optic neuropathies are often misdiagnosed because of errors in eliciting or interpreting the history and physical examination. A systematic approach to identifying the clinical manifestations distinctive to specific optic neuropathies is imperative for directing diagnostic assessments, formulating tailored treatment regimens, and identifying broader central nervous system and systemic disorders.  \nINTRODUCTION  \nO  \nptic neuropathies encompass all congenital or acquired conditions affecting the optic nerve. While optic neuropathies can be isolated, they are often a harbinger of systemic and central nervous system disorders. The worldwide prevalence of optic neuropathies remains unknown given the lack of access to experts  \nin diagnosing these conditions both in the United States and globally, as well as limitations to some types of specialized testing (eg, genetic testing). Additionally, optic neuropathies are often misdiagnosed because of errors in eliciting or interpreting the history and physical examination.1–3 As a result, patients with  \nREVIEW ARTICLE  \n􀀁  \nCONTINUUM AUDIO INTERVIEW AVAILABLE ONLINE  \n􀀁  \nVIDEO CONTENT AVAILABLE ONLINE  \nCITE AS:  \nCONTINUUM (MIN NEA P M INN) 2025;31(2, NEUROOPHTHALMOLOGY):381 –406.  \nAddress correspondence to Dr Lindsey B. De Lott, 1000 Wall St, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, [ldelott@med.umich.edu](ldelott@med.umich.edu).  \nRELATIONSHIP DISCLOSURE: Dr De Lott has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000 to $49,999 for serving on a scientific advisory or data safety monitoring board for argenx. The institution of Dr De Lott has received research support from the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, National Institutes of Health (NIH), North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society, and Research to Prevent Blindness.  \nUNLABELED USE OF PRODUCTS/INVESTIGATIONAL USE DISCLOSURE:  \nDr De Lott discusses the unlabeled use of idebenone for the treatment of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and anti–tumor necrosis factor agents for the treatment of giant cell arteritis, which are not approved for these uses by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) .  \n© 2025 American Academy of Neurology.  \nCONTINUUM JOURNAL . COM 381  \nCopyright © American Academy of Neurology. Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.  \nOPTIC NEUROPATHIES  \nthese conditions suffer inappropriate testing as well as overtreatment and undertreatment, which has the potential to impact long-term visual functioning.  \nThis article focuses on the salient ","cbCaiuRAwrjRLePd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuRAwrjRLePd","pdf",11098285,26,"English","# Abstract\n# Objective and latest developments\n# Essential points\n# Introduction\n# Evaluating optic neuropathies\n## History and examination\n## Signs and diagnostic clues\n## Dilated fundoscopic examination\n## Distinguishing features","[{\"question\":\"What conditions are included within optic neuropathies?\",\"answer\":\"Optic neuropathies include any congenital or acquired disorders affecting the optic nerve, caused by ischemia, inflammation (including infections and autoimmune causes), elevated intracranial pressure, compression/infiltration, toxins, nutritional deficiencies, and hereditary diseases.\"},{\"question\":\"What are key clinical signs suggesting optic nerve dysfunction?\",\"answer\":\"Typical signs include decreased visual acuity, color vision impairment, a relative afferent pupillary defect in the affected eye, and visual field deficits.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is neuroimaging of the orbits important in evaluation?\",\"answer\":\"Neuroimaging of the orbits is one of the most useful tests for determining the underlying cause, which in turn supports additional diagnostic testing and formulation of a targeted treatment plan guided by the differential diagnosis.\"}]","Optic Neuropathies - Clinical Features, Evaluation, and Management | PDF",1790680350,66]