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It summarizes current evidence on prescribing patterns, postoperative pain mechanisms, and non-opioid pharmacologic, interventional, and neuromodulation strategies, emphasizing structured tapering and multimodal, individualized care.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/opioid-use-following-spine-surgery-strategies-for-a-multimodal-approach-to-pain-management/430391/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/opioid-use-following-spine-surgery-strategies-for-a-multimodal-approach-to-pain-management/430391.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Mia  ","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",8,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why does opioid misuse risk increase after spine surgery for chronic back pain patients?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The review links chronic back pain with long-term opioid use and dependence risk. After spine surgery, intense postoperative pain and central sensitization often lead to opioid needs, complicating pain management.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What does the review recommend regarding opioid prescribing after spine surgery?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Opioid use should be limited to breakthrough pain and integrated into structured tapering strategies, supported by optimizing postoperative analgesia through multimodal care.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which non-opioid approaches are highlighted to reduce opioid consumption?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Non-opioid pharmacologic agents and nutraceuticals may enhance analgesia. Regional and neuraxial techniques can provide transient relief, while spinal cord stimulation may help selected patients though opioid-sparing benefits are uncertain.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},430391,1790881245,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":115,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},687207024478,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Current Pain and Headache Reports (2026) 30:18  \n[https://doi.org/10.1007/s1](https://doi.org/10.1007/s1) 1916-025-01428-6  \nANESTHETIC TECHNIQUES IN PAIN MANAGEMENT (D WANG, SECTION EDITOR)  \nOpioid Use Following Spine Surgery: Strategies for a Multimodal Approach To Pain Management  \nLeonie Erbeldinger1 · Benjamin Martens2 · Richard D. Urman3 · Markus M. Luedi1,4  \nReceived: 1 August 2025 / Accepted: 15 October 2025 © The Author(s) 2026  \nAbstract  \nPurpose of Review Chronic back pain is highly prevalent and closely associated with opioid misuse, particularly in patients undergoing spine surgery. Optimizing opioid prescribing practices and advancing alternative treatment modalities is critical to reduce opioid-related morbidity and mortality.  \nRecent Findings Despite their well-documented risks—including misuse, adverse effects, and detrimental impacts on postsurgical outcomes—opioids remain the most commonly prescribed analgesics for back pain. Spine surgery, meanwhile, is frequently followed by intense postoperative pain due to central sensitization, which often necessitates opioid use and complicates pain management. This review provides an overview of current literature on opioid prescribing trends and alternative therapies for patients undergoing spine surgery.  \nSummary Following spine surgery, non-opioid pharmacologic agents and nutraceuticals can enhance analgesia and reduce opioid consumption. While erector spinae plane blocks and neuraxial techniques offer transient pain relief, their efficacy is limited by duration and potential risks. Spinal cord stimulation may benefit selected patients with back pain, although its opioid-sparing effects remain uncertain. Opioid prescribing should be limited to breakthrough pain and integrated into structured tapering strategies. Optimizing postoperative analgesia in spine surgery requires a multimodal approach, interdisciplinary collaboration, and individualized prescribing—potentially guided by emerging tools such as pharmacogenomic testing.  \nKeywords Opioids · Opioid misuse · Spine surgery · Back pain · Postoperative pain management  \n􀀍 Markus M. Luedi [markus.luedi@extern.insel.ch](markus.luedi@extern.insel.ch)  \nLeonie Erbeldinger  \nLeonie.Erbeldinger@h-och.ch  \nBenjamin Martens  \nBenjamin.Martens@h-och.ch  \nRichard D. Urman  \n[urmanr@gmail.com](urmanr@gmail.com)  \n1 Department of Anaesthesiology, Rescue-and Pain Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland  \n2 Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Cantonal Hospital of St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland  \n3 Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA  \n4 Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland  \nAbbreviations  \nCPSP Chronic postsurgical pain cAMP Cyclic adenosine monophosphate ERAS Enhanced Recovery After Surgery  \nICD-11 International Classification of Diseases, 11th revision  \nNSAID Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs PROMs Patient-reported outcome measures SCS Spinal Cord Stimulation  \nU. S. United States  \nIntroduction  \nChronic back pain is a globally prevalent condition, with an estimated 570 million cases worldwide in 2019It represents a leading cause of disability and a major driver of emergency department visits due to associated symptoms [1, 2] . Back pain is also a primary indication for spine surgery, making it one of the most frequently performed procedures  \n1 3  \nand among the most expensive surgical interventions globally [3] . Consequently, its burden on global healthcare systems and quality of life is substantial.  \nChronic back pain is strongly linked to long-term opioid use, placing patients at elevated risk for adverse effects and opioid dependence [4–7] . In the context of the current opioid epidemic, substantial research has focused on the role of opioid therapy in this population. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of opioid dependence, e","cbCainHtR316Dgqh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainHtR316Dgqh","pdf",871509,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Opioid-related Prescription Challenges\n## Definitions and Epidemiology of Opioid Misuse","[{\"question\":\"Why does opioid misuse risk increase after spine surgery for chronic back pain patients?\",\"answer\":\"The review links chronic back pain with long-term opioid use and dependence risk. After spine surgery, intense postoperative pain and central sensitization often lead to opioid needs, complicating pain management.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review recommend regarding opioid prescribing after spine surgery?\",\"answer\":\"Opioid use should be limited to breakthrough pain and integrated into structured tapering strategies, supported by optimizing postoperative analgesia through multimodal care.\"},{\"question\":\"Which non-opioid approaches are highlighted to reduce opioid consumption?\",\"answer\":\"Non-opioid pharmacologic agents and nutraceuticals may enhance analgesia. Regional and neuraxial techniques can provide transient relief, while spinal cord stimulation may help selected patients though opioid-sparing benefits are uncertain.\"}]","Opioid Use Following Spine Surgery - Strategies for a Multimodal Approach To Pain Management | PDF",1790652691,23]