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It documents how variations across jurisdictions shaped prescribing and service delivery, and highlights that flexibility in medicines has supported client-specific needs. The history addresses key challenges such as diminishing prescribing bases, stigma for clients and providers, and dispensing costs. The book also outlines major policy and legal milestones across decades and examines current issues and state-specific histories.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/opioid-agonist-therapy-in-australia-a-history/292636/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/opioid-agonist-therapy-in-australia-a-history/292636.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mimi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-09-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",14,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main purpose of the book?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The book documents OAT’s contribution to public health and the lives of individuals in Australia, explaining how the evidence base and programs developed over time.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Why did OAT programs vary between Australian jurisdictions?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Variations stem from the federated nature of Australia’s government, differing profiles of drug problems, different funding models, and other contextual factors affecting service provision.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What challenges does OAT face in Australia, according to the foreword?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Challenges include a relatively narrow and diminishing prescribing base, stigma affecting clients and service providers, and dispensing costs for people on OAT.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},292636,1789653290,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},2336477974920,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Opioid Agonist Therapy in Australia  \nA HISTORY  \nRoger Nicholas  \nNCETA  \nThe National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction is an internationally recognised research centre that works as a catalyst for change in the alcohol and other drugs (AOD) field.  \nOur mission is to advance the capacity of organisations and workers to respond to alcohol and drug-related problems. Our core business is the promotion of workforce development (WFD) principles; research and evaluation of effective practices; investigating the prevalence and effects of alcohol and other drug use in society; and the development and evaluation of prevention and intervention programs, policy and resources for workplaces and organisations.  \nNCETA is located at Flinders University and is a collaboration between the University and the Australian Government Department of Health.  \nSuggested citation: Nicholas, R. (2022) . Opioid Agonist Therapy in Australia: A History. Adelaide: National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University.  \nISBN: 978-1-876897-69-7  \nThis work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced without prior written permission from the National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction. NCETA is located at Rm 4. 10, Health Sciences Building, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042.  \nNCETA respectfully acknowledge the Kaurna people as the Traditional Owners of the land and waters on which our Centre is located. We pay our respects to Kaurna elders past, present and emerging  \nFOREWORD  \nA key purpose of this book is to document the contribution that opioid agonist therapy (OAT) has made to public health and to the life of individuals in Australia. As with many fields of endeavour, OAT began from relatively rudimentary beginnings in Australia and has developed as the evidence base concerning effective practice grew. It is noteworthy that Australia made a substantial contribution to the development of this evidence base.  \nThe development of OAT programs has varied significantly between Australian jurisdictions. So too, there are significant variations between jurisdictions in current patterns of OAT provision. The federated nature of Australia’s system of government has contributed to these variations, and as such, this system is described in Chapter One. Other contributors to these differences include differing profiles of drug problems, differing funding models and at times, happenstance.  \nThis flexibility in service provision is characteristic of the development of OAT in Australia. One of the great strengths of the Australian approach to OAT has been that no attempt has been made to dictate to prescribers that they must utilise one OAT medicine for all clients. As a result, the OAT system in Australia has developed based on providing flexibility concerning the OAT medicines that best suit the needs of individual clients.  \nOpioid agonist therapy in Australia faces a number of challenges, including:  \n􀂃 a relatively narrow and diminishing prescribing base  \n􀂃 stigma (both clients and service providers)  \n􀂃 dispensing costs to clients.  \nThese problems notwithstanding, OAT coverage in Australia is relatively good and compares favourably with other countries.  \nOn occasions, throughout the book, the term addict is used. While recognising that this is no longer acceptable terminology, the term is retained in some instances because this was used in historical references that have been cited.  \nCONTENTS  \nCHAPTER 1: THE AUSTRALIAN CONTEXT 9  \nGovernment in Australia 9  \n\n| CHAPTER 2: THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF METHADONE The history of the use of methadone in the United States | 12\u003Cbr>13 |\n| --- | --- |\n| CHAPTER 3: THE DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT OF BUPRENORPHINE | 17 |\n| CHAPTER 4: AUSTRALIA’S POLICY AND LEGAL APPROACHES TO OPIOID DRUG PROBLEMS. COLONIAL SETTLEMENT UP UNTIL THE MID-1960s | 22 |\n| CHAPTER 5: AUSTRALIA’S POLICY","cbCaivsXZslTp5Kw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivsXZslTp5Kw","pdf",1205861,76,"English","# Foreword\n## The Australian context and development of OAT\n# Contents\n## Chapter 1: The Australian Context\n## Chapter 2: The Discovery and Development of Methadone\n## Chapter 3: The Discovery and Development of Buprenorphine\n## Chapter 4: Australia’s Policy and Legal Approaches to Opioid Drug Problems (Colonial settlement up until the mid-1960s)\n## Chapter 5: Australia’s Policy and Legal Approaches to Opioid Drug Problems (the mid-1960s to the early 1980s)\n## Chapter 6: Australia’s Policy and Legal Approaches to Opioid Drug Problems (the mid 1980s)\n## Chapter 7: Australia’s Policy and Legal Approaches to Opioid Drug Problems (the mid 1980s to mid 1990s)\n## Chapter 8: Australia’s Policy and Legal Approaches to Opioid Drug Problems (the mid 1990s to early 2000s)\n## Chapter 9: The Arrival and Development of Buprenorphine Programs in Australia\n## Chapter 10: National Methadone / Matod Policies\n## Chapter 11: Current Issues Facing Opioid Agonist Therapy in Australia\n## Chapter 12: The History of Opioid Agonist Therapy in Victoria\n## Chapter 13: The History of Opioid Agonist Therapy in New South Wales\n## Chapter 14: The History of Opioid Agonist Therapy in Queensland","[{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the book?\",\"answer\":\"The book documents OAT’s contribution to public health and the lives of individuals in Australia, explaining how the evidence base and programs developed over time.\"},{\"question\":\"Why did OAT programs vary between Australian jurisdictions?\",\"answer\":\"Variations stem from the federated nature of Australia’s government, differing profiles of drug problems, different funding models, and other contextual factors affecting service provision.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges does OAT face in Australia, according to the foreword?\",\"answer\":\"Challenges include a relatively narrow and diminishing prescribing base, stigma affecting clients and service providers, and dispensing costs for people on OAT.\"}]","Opioid Agonist Therapy in Australia - A History | PDF",192]