[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-402513-105":59,"doc-detail-402513-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","ophthalmology-basic-eye-anatomy-and-common-eye-tests-for-pets","Ophthalmology - Basic Eye Anatomy and Common Eye Tests for Pets","","This material explains core ophthalmology knowledge needed for veterinary practice, focusing on ocular anatomy and practical eye testing in pets. It covers key structures such as orbit, palpebrae, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland, nictitating membrane, cornea, uvea, retina, tapetum, fundus, lens, and the eye chambers. It also outlines the recommended sequence of eye tests—Schirmer tear testing, fluorescein staining, and tonometry—and what abnormal results suggest, along with essential ocular terminology and clinical relevance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ophthalmology-basic-eye-anatomy-and-common-eye-tests-for-pets/402513/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ophthalmology-basic-eye-anatomy-and-common-eye-tests-for-pets/402513.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Sarah ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-27",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What basic eye structures should a veterinary technician recognize?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Key structures include the orbit, palpebrae, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and duct system, and the third eyelid (nictitating membrane). It also covers major globe anatomy such as cornea, uvea, retina, tapetum, fundus, and lens.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"In what order should common pet eye tests be performed?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Eye tests should be done in the sequence: Schirmer Tear Test first, then the Fluorescein Dye Test, and finally Tonometry. This ordering supports tear production assessment, corneal defect detection, and intraocular pressure measurement.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What do abnormal results from tonometry suggest?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"High intraocular pressures suggest glaucoma. Lower pressure can suggest uveitis, described as inflammation in the eye.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},402513,1790951680,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":24,"preview_page_count":4},962085320529,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","Ophthalmology   \nOcular (eye) problems are a very common presenting complaint in veterinary medicine. A veterinary technician should know basic eye anatomy and be familiar with common eye tests, including how to perform these tests in clinical practice and to know for what they are testing. This PowerPage discusses these tests, basic eye anatomy, and common eye problems in pets.  \nEye Anatomy  \nBasic Eye Structure  \n• Orbit-The hole in which the eye sits surrounded and formed by the maxilla, zygomatic, frontal, and ethmoid bones.  \n• The proper term for eyelids is palpebrae.  \n• Eyelashes are cilia (small hairs) which line the palpebrae on the upper and lower lids.  \n• Conjunctiva is the membrane that lines the insides ofthe eyelids and eye itself. It secretes mucus which helps to lubricate the eye.  \n• The lacrimal gland makes tears which are secreted through the lacrimal duct. It is also connected to the nasal passage via the nasolacrimal duct.  \n• The third eyelid is the nictitating membrane. It is located near the medialcanthus and sometimes protrudes if the eye is painful, from trauma, or if the animal is sedated.  \nAnatomy of the Globe  \n• The sclera is the white part of the eye.  \n• The cornea is clear and retracts light. It has no vessels. It is made up of 10 layers and forms the anterior portion of the eye.  \n• The uvea is the vascular tunic made of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris. The iris is the colored part of the eye, the ciliary body helps to focus the eye, and the choroid helps guard against glare.  \n• The pupil is in the central part of the iris. Light passes through the pupil.  \n• Images are formed in the retina, which is made of rods and cones. (Mostly rods in dogs, which are best suited for nightvision)  \n• The tapetum is the reflective layer at the back of the eye which helps animals to see in dim light.  \n• The fundus is part ofthe posterior eye segment that is viewed with the ophthalmoscope. The fundus is made up of the optic disc (head of the optic nerve), the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, andchoroid.  \n• The lens is a circular and transparent disc made of protein with no blood supply. The shape of the lens is moderated by the ciliary muscle which helps with focus and distance. Cataracts are depositsonthelens.  \nChambers ofthe Eye:  \n1) Anterior chamber-located between the front ofthe lens and cornea. It is filled with aqueous humor (fluid) which is directly related to the intraocular pressure.  \n© 2018 [VetTechPrep.com](VetTechPrep.com) • All rights reserved. 1  \nOphthalmology   \n2) Posterior chamber-located between the iris, lens, and ciliary body.  \n3) Vitreous-located between the retina and iris. It has vitreous humor which has more of a jelly-like consistency instead of fluid to help keep the retina intact.  \nEye Testing  \nEye tests are often needed to make a diagnosis and should be done in the following order:  \n1) Schirmer Tear Test-tests tear production. A small strip of designated STT paper is placed under the lower lid of each eye. The dye in the paper will begin to turn color as tears are produced. Normal tear production is greater than 15 mm in 60 seconds. This is the test for Kerratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS).  \n2) Fluorescein Dye Test- a small amount of yellow fluorescein stain is applied to the eyes. If there is a corneal defect or scratch, the dye will glow under a blue light. This is the test for a corneal ulcer or abrasion.  \n3) Tonometry-a Tonopen is used to measure intraocular pressures. Normal pressures are less than  \n25 at less than 5% error. The reading should be taken 3 times or more to ensure accuracy. High pressures suggest glaucoma. This is the test for glaucoma. A low pressure suggests uveitis, or  \ninflammation in the eye.  \nOther Ocular Terms to Know:  \n• Miosis-a small or constricted pupil  \n• Mydriasis-a dilated pupil  \n• Anisocoria-different sized pupils (one pupil is larger or smaller than the other). May suggest trauma or neurologic disease.  \n• ","cbCaiiR0v6doEUgp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiR0v6doEUgp","pdf",465132,"English","# Eye Anatomy\n## Basic Eye Structure\n## Anatomy of the Globe\n## Chambers of the Eye\n# Eye Testing\n## Schirmer Tear Test\n## Fluorescein Dye Test\n## Tonometry\n# Other Ocular Terms to Know\n## Pupillary and ocular anatomy terms\n## Disease-related terminology","[{\"question\":\"What basic eye structures should a veterinary technician recognize?\",\"answer\":\"Key structures include the orbit, palpebrae, conjunctiva, lacrimal gland and duct system, and the third eyelid (nictitating membrane). It also covers major globe anatomy such as cornea, uvea, retina, tapetum, fundus, and lens.\"},{\"question\":\"In what order should common pet eye tests be performed?\",\"answer\":\"Eye tests should be done in the sequence: Schirmer Tear Test first, then the Fluorescein Dye Test, and finally Tonometry. This ordering supports tear production assessment, corneal defect detection, and intraocular pressure measurement.\"},{\"question\":\"What do abnormal results from tonometry suggest?\",\"answer\":\"High intraocular pressures suggest glaucoma. Lower pressure can suggest uveitis, described as inflammation in the eye.\"}]","Ophthalmology - Basic Eye Anatomy and Common Eye Tests for Pets | PDF",1790531208]