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This invited review examines the relationship between autoimmunity and ocular health, focusing on prevalent conditions including uveitis, keratitis, and optic neuritis. It surveys advanced diagnostic tools and serological biomarkers that may support earlier and more accurate detection. 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15(3): 104431  \nDOI: 10.5493/wjem.v15.i3.104431 ISSN 2220-315x (online)  \nFIELD OF VISION  \nOphthalmological manifestations in autoimmune diseases: Overcoming diagnostic and therapeutic challenges  \nIssa El Kaouri, Ioannis Deligiannis, Konstantina Bakopoulou, Paraskevas Panagiotis Sdralis, Viara Shoumnalieva-Ivanova, Russka Shumnalieva, Tsvetelina Velikova  \nSpecialty type: Medicine, research and experimental  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nInvited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s classification Scientific Quality: Grade B, Grade D  \nNovelty: Grade B, Grade D  \nCreativity or Innovation: Grade B, Grade D  \nScientific Significance: Grade B, Grade D  \nP-Reviewer: Kong FX  \nReceived: December 20, 2024  \nRevised: April 21, 2025  \nAccepted: July 18, 2025  \nPublished online: September 20, 2025  \nProcessing time: 235 Days and 14.8 Hours  \nIssa El Kaouri, Ioannis Deligiannis, Konstantina Bakopoulou, Paraskevas Panagiotis Sdralis,  \nFaculty of Medicine, Medical University Sofia, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria  \nViara Shoumnalieva-Ivanova, Department of Medicare, Medical Center, Sofia 1618, Bulgaria  \nRusska Shumnalieva, Department of Rheumatology, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital “St. Anna”, Medical University-Sofia, Sofia 1907, Bulgaria  \nRusska Shumnalieva, Tsvetelina Velikova, Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, Sofia 1407, Bulgaria  \nCorresponding author: Issa El Kaouri, MD, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University Sofia, Boulevard ‘Akademik Ivan Evstratiev Geshov’ 15, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria.  \n[104166@students.mu-sofia.bg](104166@students.mu-sofia.bg)  \nAbstract  \nAutoimmune diseases frequently present with ophthalmological manifestations, posing significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. This review delved into the complex interplay between autoimmunity and ocular health, highlighting common manifestations such as uveitis, keratitis, and optic neuritis. We explored advanced diagnostic tools and techniques to improve early detection and accurate diagnosis. Additionally, the review addressed current therapeutic strategies, emphasizing the need for tailored treatments to manage ocular symptoms effectively while minimizing systemic side effects. By overcoming these challenges we aimed to enhance patient outcomes and quality of life for those affected by autoimmune-related eye diseases.  \nKey Words: Autoimmune diseases; Ophthalmological manifestations; Uveitis; Keratitis; Optic neuritis; Scleritis; Episcleritis; Diagnosis; Biomarkers; Management; Therapeutic challenges  \n©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \n WJEM  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 September 20, 2025  Volume 15  Issue 3   \nKaouri IE et al. Ophthalmological manifestations in autoimmune diseases  \nCore Tip: Early detection of symptoms related to ocular manifestations in autoimmune diseases, leading to vision-threatening conditions such as uveitis and optical neuritis, is critical for preventing irreversible damage. Advanced diagnostic tools and useful serological biomarkers offer improved accuracy but remain underutilized. Effective management requires balancing symptom control with minimizing immunosuppression risks and emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach involving ophthalmologists and rheumatologists. Continued research is vital to address unmet clinical needs and optimize outcomes.  \nCitation: El Kaouri I, Deligiannis I, Bakopoulou K, Sdralis PP, Shoumnalieva-Ivanova V, Shumnalieva R, Velikova T. Ophthalmological manifestations in autoimmune diseases: Overcoming diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. World JExp Med 2025; 15(3): 104431  \nURL: [https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-315x/full/v15/i3/104431.htm](https:","cbCaif5KQ97cNuMa","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaif5KQ97cNuMa","pdf",2265670,"English","# Abstract\n# Core Tip\n# Introduction\n## Autoimmune diseases and systemic involvement\n## Eye involvement and typical complications","[{\"question\":\"Which ophthalmological manifestations are highlighted in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review emphasizes uveitis, keratitis, and optic neuritis as common ocular manifestations in autoimmune diseases.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic approaches does the review discuss?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses advanced diagnostic tools, including imaging methods such as OCT and OCT angiography, as well as functional imaging and serological biomarkers to support early and accurate detection.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the review frame treatment goals for ocular symptoms?\",\"answer\":\"Treatment is framed around tailored management that balances symptom control with minimizing immunosuppression-related systemic side effects.\"}]","Ophthalmological manifestations in autoimmune diseases - Overcoming diagnostic and therapeutic challenges | PDF",1790746090,48]