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The narrative also connects the case to later legal efforts to vindicate civil and constitutional rights, highlighting broader impacts after 2001 racial profiling and detention.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/one-man-seeks-justice-from-a-nation-korematsu-v-united-states/605546/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/one-man-seeks-justice-from-a-nation-korematsu-v-united-states/605546.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Indoniesian Boy","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-16",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",6,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What did Fred Korematsu challenge, and why?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Fred Korematsu challenged the exclusion order that enforced the internment of Japanese Americans. He believed the internment was wrong and that Japanese Americans had not done anything disloyal.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How did Executive Order 9066 affect Japanese Americans in 1942?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Executive Order 9066 authorized military commanders to order the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast for “national security,” followed by curfew and exclusionary orders. It led to relocation to remote concentration camps.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What happened to Korematsu after he was stopped in 1942?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"After police stopped him in San Leandro on May 30, 1942, he was turned over to the FBI and charged with violating the military’s exclusion order. He was released on bail and then handcuffed again and taken to the Tanforan Assembly Center.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},605546,1792902233,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":123,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090760608,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Photo: Fred Korematsu holding a letter from the U.S Government apologizing for its unjust internment of Japanese Americans during World War II.  \nPHOTO: SH I R LEY NAKAO  \nOne Man Seeks Justice from a Nation: Korematsu v. United States  \nEric Yamamoto, Dale Minami and May Lee Heye  \n“Mr. Korematsu, I just want to tell you that I saw you speak to my class two years ago at UC Berkeley, and you are the reason that I went to law school.”  \n–Josephine Yeh  \nFirst year law student March 1999  \nToday, in law classes throughout the nation, Kore  \nmatsu v. United States is studied as a central case  \nof American constitutional law. Fred Korematsu challenged the United States two times: the first time in 1944, in which he defied the U.S. government’s unconstitutional internment of Japanese Americans and refused to go into the camps, and the second time in 1983, in which his original 1944 conviction for refusing to go into the concentration camps was overturned by the federal court in San Francisco.  \nAfter September 11, 2001, Arabs, Middle Easterners, and South Asians in the U. S. often found themselves the victims of racial and media profiling and societal violence.  \nSome individuals were detained and incarcerated in prisons within the U.S. or placed in internment camps abroad, including Guantanamo Bay in Cuba. These groups are re-examining the Korematsu case in relation to asserting and vindicating their own legal, civil, and constitutional rights.  \nBorn in the U.S.A.  \nB  \norn in 1919, Fred Toyosaburo Korematsu grew up in Oakland as one of four sons of Japanese immigrants. His family owned a rose nursery,  \nand he attended Castlemont High School, where his closest friends and girlfriend were Caucasian. “Being born in this country, I learned about American history, and this was my country,” he remembers,“I just thought of myself as American.” After graduation from high school in 1938, he attended the Master School of Welding and went to work on the Oakland docks as a steel welder, where he was quickly promoted to a foreman position.  \nThe war in Europe, however, changed his life. America began providing war supplies to Great Britain in their war against Germany, while German allies — the Japanese — waged war in Asia and the Pacific. At home in California, when Fred entered restaurants, waiters refused to serve him. The same thing happened when he tried to get his hair cut. When he tried to join the United States Coast Guard  \nalong with his Caucasian friends, he was not allowed to fill out an application.“We have orders not to accept you,” he was told by the recruiting officer. Later, a commanding officer even forbade one of his friends from associating with him. The Boiler Makers Union terminated his membership. He eventually found work with a trailer mobile company, but after the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, his employer fired him.  \nWhat Happened to Japanese Americans in 1942  \nO  \nn February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 authorizing the military commanders on the West Coast  \nto issue whatever orders were necessary for national security, including the removal of 120,000 Japanese Americans from the West Coast. Curfew and exclusionary orders soon followed. Japanese Americans were placed in remote desert and mountain concentration camps in barracks, guarded by barbed wire and guntowers.  \nAlthough his family reported to the Tanforan racetrack assembly center in San Mateo on May 9, 1942, as directed by Exclusion Order Number 34, twenty-two-year-old Fred chose to defy the order.  \nWith his Caucasian girlfriend, Fred planned to move inland to Nevada. He sold his car, threw away his California driver’s license, and on his draft card  \nPhotos: this page, Fred Korematsu as a child inside the family’s rose nursery.  \nOpposite page, Fred and family, circa 1939.  \n[asianamericanedu.org](asianamericanedu.org) [3](3 aasc.ucla.edu)[ aasc.ucla.edu](3 aasc.ucla.edu)  \nassumed a new identity as Cl","cbCaiaF88hTtTfHw","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaF88hTtTfHw","pdf",1608743,"English","# Korematsu v. United States as a central constitutional case\n# Life before the exclusion and wartime discrimination\n# Executive Order 9066 and the 1942 removal of Japanese Americans\n## Assembly and concentration camp experience\n# Challenging the exclusion order\n# Continuing relevance to civil rights and constitutional claims","[{\"question\":\"What did Fred Korematsu challenge, and why?\",\"answer\":\"Fred Korematsu challenged the exclusion order that enforced the internment of Japanese Americans. He believed the internment was wrong and that Japanese Americans had not done anything disloyal.\"},{\"question\":\"How did Executive Order 9066 affect Japanese Americans in 1942?\",\"answer\":\"Executive Order 9066 authorized military commanders to order the removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast for “national security,” followed by curfew and exclusionary orders. It led to relocation to remote concentration camps.\"},{\"question\":\"What happened to Korematsu after he was stopped in 1942?\",\"answer\":\"After police stopped him in San Leandro on May 30, 1942, he was turned over to the FBI and charged with violating the military’s exclusion order. He was released on bail and then handcuffed again and taken to the Tanforan Assembly Center.\"}]","One Man Seeks Justice from a Nation - Korematsu v. United States | PDF",1792132598,25]