[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-383982-105":59,"doc-detail-383982-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","oncolytic-virus-engineering-and-utilizations-cancer-immunotherapy-perspective","Oncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations - Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective","","Oncolytic viruses have positively influenced cancer immunotherapy during the past two decades, with both naturally occurring and genetically modified viral platforms demonstrating encouraging performance across multiple cancer types. Worldwide regulators have approved commercial oncolytic virus products, while ongoing development aims to address current limitations and improve anti-tumor efficacy. This review examines virus engineering strategies and summarizes clinical trial progress toward effective virotherapeutics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/oncolytic-virus-engineering-and-utilizations-cancer-immunotherapy-perspective/383982/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/oncolytic-virus-engineering-and-utilizations-cancer-immunotherapy-perspective/383982.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-24","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the focus of the review on oncolytic viruses?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review discusses strategies for virus engineering and summarizes progress in clinical trials to achieve virotherapeutics for cancer immunotherapy.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do oncolytic viruses relate to cancer immunotherapy and the tumor microenvironment?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in tumor progression and also contains immunosuppressive cells that hinder immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses are positioned as a cancer immunotherapy approach, with engineering strategies intended to overcome such barriers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What major classes of oncolytic viruses are discussed?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review describes oncolytic viruses that include both DNA and RNA virus platforms, with DNA viruses such as adenovirus, vaccinia virus, and herpesvirus, and RNA viruses including positive- and negative-sense strand examples.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},383982,1790293499,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":26},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","viruses   \nReview  \nOncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations: Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective  \nPalaniyandi Muthukutty and So Young Yoo *  \nCitation: Muthukutty, P.; Yoo, S.Y. Oncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations: Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective. Viruses 2023, 15, 1645 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081645](https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081645)  \nAcademic Editor: Giuseppe Portella  \nReceived: 3 July 2023  \nRevised: 24 July 2023  \nAccepted: 26 July 2023  \nPublished: 28 July 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nBIO-IT Foundry Technology Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea  \n* [Correspondence: yoosy2@gmail.com or yoosy@pusan.ac.kr](Correspondence: yoosy2@gmail.com or yoosy@pusan.ac.kr)  \nAbstract: Oncolytic viruses have positively impacted cancer immunotherapy over the past 20 years. Both natural and genetically modified viruses have shown promising results in treating various cancers. Various regulatory authorities worldwide have approved four commercial oncolytic viruses, and more are being developed to overcome this limitation and obtain better anti-tumor responses in clinical trials at various stages. Faster advancements in translating research into the commercialization of cancer immunotherapy and a comprehensive understanding of the modification strategies will widen the current knowledge of future technologies related to the development of oncolytic viruses. In this review, we discuss the strategies of virus engineering and the progress of clinical trials to achieve virotherapeutics.  \nKeywords: oncolytic virus; cancer; immunotherapy; virotherapy; clinical trials  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer is the second leading cause of disease-related mortality and concern worldwide [1] . Even though early detection and increased survival rates have been achieved through precision medicine or immunotherapies, the development of cancer treatments for completely eradicating cancers is still of high priority. An array of technologies has been developed to treat various types of cancers. New insights into molecular and immunology-based research combined with cutting-edge therapeutic approaches, such as monoclonal antibodies, molecular-targeted drugs, and oncolytic viruses, have helped to manage cancer better.  \nTumors are conglomerations of cells forming the tumor microenvironment (TME) . The TME is a highly complex heterogeneous cell mass consisting of cancer stem cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, extracellular matrices, immune cells, connective tissue, blood vessels, and signaling molecules. The TME plays a crucial role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, making it a key target for cancer immunotherapy. However, the TME is populated with immunosuppressive cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived stem cells (MDSCs) . Thus, immunosuppressive TME is an important target for therapeutic applications and poses a challenge for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple strategies are employed to overcome the TME [2] .  \nTreatment of cancer using viruses that can be naturally or genetically altered to attack and kill cancer cells can be performed without harming normal cells. During the early 1900s, patients with virus-infected cancer showed tumor remission for a short time, which led to the development of oncolytic viruses (OVs) [3–5] . Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are viruses that can disseminate in cancer cells [6] . A better understanding of the molecular biology of viral infections and the advancement of OVs with genetic engineering has led to the development of oncolytic virotherapy [7] . A wide range of OVs, including both DN","cbCaiu7APNW0f5fP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiu7APNW0f5fP","pdf",2429526,24,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer burden and treatment priorities\n## Tumor microenvironment as an immunotherapy target\n# Oncolytic viruses and virotherapeutics\n## Origins and development\n## Classification of oncolytic viruses\n## Advantages and challenges in therapy\n# Genetic engineering strategies\n## Gene deletion and genome engineering\n## Mechanistic approaches for antitumor effects","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of the review on oncolytic viruses?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses strategies for virus engineering and summarizes progress in clinical trials to achieve virotherapeutics for cancer immunotherapy.\"},{\"question\":\"How do oncolytic viruses relate to cancer immunotherapy and the tumor microenvironment?\",\"answer\":\"The tumor microenvironment plays a key role in tumor progression and also contains immunosuppressive cells that hinder immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses are positioned as a cancer immunotherapy approach, with engineering strategies intended to overcome such barriers.\"},{\"question\":\"What major classes of oncolytic viruses are discussed?\",\"answer\":\"The review describes oncolytic viruses that include both DNA and RNA virus platforms, with DNA viruses such as adenovirus, vaccinia virus, and herpesvirus, and RNA viruses including positive- and negative-sense strand examples.\"}]","Oncolytic Virus Engineering and Utilizations - Cancer Immunotherapy Perspective | PDF",1790260573]