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Methods: The NDV AMHA1 oncolytic strain was tested with aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and low-power He-Ne laser–based photodynamic therapy against breast cancer cells derived from Iraqi patients (AMJ13). Chou–Talalay analysis was used to evaluate drug-treatment interaction. Results: Co-treatment increased cancer cell killing at both 0.01 and 0.1 multiplicity of infection when coupled with 6172.8 photons/gm of PDT targeted to cancer cells. Conclusion: The attenuated NDV–AMHA1 plus PDT shows synergistic in vitro antitumor effects with potential clinical relevance.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/oncolytic-newcastle-disease-virus-and-photodynamic-therapy-as-dual-approach-for-breast-cancer-treatment/332916/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/oncolytic-newcastle-disease-virus-and-photodynamic-therapy-as-dual-approach-for-breast-cancer-treatment/332916.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodora","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main hypothesis of this study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Attacking cancer cells using combined modes of action may reduce the likelihood that they evolve resistance. Photodynamic therapy together with oncolytic virotherapy is proposed as a dual cancer treatment strategy.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the combination therapy tested in vitro?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"NDV AMHA1 virotherapy was integrated with aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and low-power He-Ne laser–based photodynamic therapy. The approach was evaluated against breast cancer cells derived from Iraqi cancer patients named AMJ13.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What results indicate synergy between NDV and PDT?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Co-treatment produced an increased killing rate at virus multiplicities of infection of 0.01 and 0.1 when combined with a PDT dose of 6172.8 photons/gm focused on cancer cells. The study concludes this integration has a synergistic killing effect in vitro.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},332916,1790129525,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},687197207919,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000253d6f5f7c60be?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779446848396160552","RESEARCH ARTICLE  \nEditorial Process: Submission:03/23/2024 Acceptance:09/21/2024  \nOncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus and Photodynamic Therapy as Dual Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment  \nShaymaa Majeed HamzahAl-Shammari1, Ahmed S. K. Al-Khafaji2, Haider A. Hassan3, Marwa Ibrahim Salman3, Ahmed MajeedAl-Shammari4 *  \nAbstract  \nObjective: We hypothesized that attacking cancer cells by combining various modes of action can hinder them from taking the chance to evolve resistance to treatment. Incorporation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) with oncolytic virotherapy might be a promising dual approach to cancer treatment. Methods: NDV AMHA1 strain as virotherapy in integration with aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) using low power He-Ne laser as PDT in the existing work was examined against breast cancer cells derived from Iraqi cancer patients named (AMJ13). This combination was evaluated using Chou–Talalay analysis. Results: The results showed an increased killing rate when using both 0.01 and 0.1 Multiplicity of infection (MOI) of the virus when combined with a dose of 6172.8 photons/gm (ph/gm) of PDT focused on cancer cells. Conclusion: integration of the attenuated NDV–AMHA1 strain with photodynamic therapy has a synergistic killing effect on breast cancer cells in vitro, suggesting that this strategy could have clinical application to overcome breast cancer.  \nKeywords: Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-breast cancer cells-He-Ne laser-Photodynamic therapy-virotherapy  \nAsian Pac J Cancer Prev, 25 (9), 3111-3118  \nIntroduction  \nBreast cancer is a complex and diverse disease that continues to be a serious health problem around the world, affecting millions of women annually [1] . Annually, there is an incidence of more than 2.3 million breast cancers, making it the most prevalent form of cancer in the adult population. Breast cancer ranks as the primary or secondary cause of female cancer fatalities in 95% of countries. However, breast cancer survival rates of approximately 80% of deaths are concentrated in low-and middle-income countries [2] . Iraqi cancer statistics for breast cancer taken from the Iraqi cancer registry, Ministry of Health shows that the highest percentage and incidence rate of the top ten cancers in Iraq was breast cancer [3] . The primary therapeutic approaches for estrogen progesterone negative breast cancer cells include surgery and chemotherapy; however, it is still difficult to treat due to its genetic heterogeneity, low cell differentiation, high malignancy, absence of molecular targets, rapid metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy [4]. AMJ13 is a hormone receptor-negative breast cancer cell line that is derived from an Iraqi female patient [5] . This cell line expresses several aggressive features, such as secreting many angiogenesis factors [6]. This type of tumors is very  \naggressive and fatal, Weiss and his team found that senior breast cancer patients with ER/PR-negative have a worse prognosis and are more expected to die of the breast cancer than from cardiovascular disease [7]. Furthermore, triple negative breast cancers (TNBC) have a more aggressive clinical course with an average of less than 3 years to metastasize, leading to death within 5 years [8] . TNBC have this poor prognosis due to chemoresistance and radiotherapy insensitivity [9]. Therefore, it is necessary to look for unconventional methods of breast cancer therapy. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an FDA cancer treatment modality that is a light-based treatment that combines physical steps, photosensitizer (PS) stimulation by light, and the photochemical reactions of PS, after excitation, with cellular substrates or molecular oxygen [10] . These two steps lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and eventually to the death of many types of cancer because the cell membrane is ruptured and cell death by necrosis or apoptosis [11, 12] . Photosensitizers (PSs) are ineffective materials formed in host and tumor cells and must be acti","cbCaigzY4RlsGRdr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigzY4RlsGRdr","pdf",983568,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Breast cancer burden and therapeutic challenges\n## Photodynamic therapy mechanisms\n## Aminolaevulinic acid and protoporphyrin IX generation\n## Virotherapy and Newcastle disease virus rationale","[{\"question\":\"What is the main hypothesis of this study?\",\"answer\":\"Attacking cancer cells using combined modes of action may reduce the likelihood that they evolve resistance. Photodynamic therapy together with oncolytic virotherapy is proposed as a dual cancer treatment strategy.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the combination therapy tested in vitro?\",\"answer\":\"NDV AMHA1 virotherapy was integrated with aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and low-power He-Ne laser–based photodynamic therapy. The approach was evaluated against breast cancer cells derived from Iraqi cancer patients named AMJ13.\"},{\"question\":\"What results indicate synergy between NDV and PDT?\",\"answer\":\"Co-treatment produced an increased killing rate at virus multiplicities of infection of 0.01 and 0.1 when combined with a PDT dose of 6172.8 photons/gm focused on cancer cells. The study concludes this integration has a synergistic killing effect in vitro.\"}]","Oncolytic Newcastle Disease Virus and Photodynamic Therapy as Dual Approach for Breast Cancer Treatment | PDF",1789999986]