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Oncogenic viruses are taxonomically heterogeneous and drive cancers using diverse strategies, including epigenomic dysregulation. The article explains how oncogenic viruses disrupt epigenetic homeostasis to promote malignant hallmarks, linking virally mediated host and viral epigenome changes to cancer biology. It illustrates the relationship between epigenetics and viral life cycles, showing how epigenetic alterations support the HPV lifecycle and can promote malignancy, and it summarizes clinical implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/oncogenic-viruses-and-the-epigenome-how-viruses-hijack-epigenetic-mechanisms-to-drive-cancer/376894/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/oncogenic-viruses-and-the-epigenome-how-viruses-hijack-epigenetic-mechanisms-to-drive-cancer/376894.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mia  ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How do oncogenic viruses contribute to cancer development?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Oncogenic viruses drive cancers by disrupting epigenetic homeostasis and by altering host cellular oncogenic pathways, leading to loss of cell cycle control, apoptosis inhibition, and immune evasion.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which epigenetic processes are highlighted as relevant to virally mediated cancer?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The work emphasizes epigenomic dysregulation, including changes related to DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, non-coding RNAs, and the involvement of histone deacetylase inhibitors.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is HPV used to illustrate the link between epigenetics and viral life cycles?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The article describes how epigenetic changes facilitate the human papillomavirus (HPV) lifecycle and how disturbances in this process can spur malignancy.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},376894,1790294617,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},687207024478,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Review  \nOncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome: How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer  \nSigne A. MacLennan 1,2,3 and Marco A. Marra 1,2,3, *  \nCitation: MacLennan, S.A.; Marra, M.A. Oncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome: How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9543 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119543](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24119543)  \nAcademic Editors: Nakano Kazumi and Toshiki Watanabe  \nReceived: 4 May 2023  \nRevised: 26 May 2023  \nAccepted: 29 May 2023  \nPublished: 31 May 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada  \n2 Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada  \n3 Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada  \n* [Correspondence: mmarra@bcgsc.ca](Correspondence: mmarra@bcgsc.ca)  \nAbstract: Globally, viral infections substantially contribute to cancer development. Oncogenic viruses are taxonomically heterogeneous and drive cancers using diverse strategies, including epigenomic dysregulation. Here, we discuss how oncogenic viruses disrupt epigenetic homeostasis to drive cancer and focus on how virally mediated dysregulation of host and viral epigenomes impacts the hallmarks of cancer. To illustrate the relationship between epigenetics and viral life cycles, we describe how epigenetic changes facilitate the human papillomavirus (HPV) life cycle and how changes to this process can spur malignancy. We also highlight the clinical impact of virally mediated epigenetic changes on cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.  \nKeywords: oncogenic viruses; epigenome dysregulation; viral oncoproteins; DNA methylation; histone post-translational modifications; non-coding RNAs; histone deacetylase inhibitors  \n1. Introduction  \nDespite public health measures, including vaccines, oncogenic viruses remain important drivers relevant to multiple cancer types [1,2] . Virally driven cancers represent ~13–20% of all cancers globally [1,3] and ~45% of cancers in parts of sub-Saharan Africa [2] . Even in regions with historically low rates of virally driven cancers [2], oncogenic viruses remain relevant, as exemplified by the rising incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-driven head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) in high-income countries [4] .  \nEvidence for the link between viruses and cancer was first uncovered more than one century ago when Dr. Peyton Rous famously discovered that, upon filtration to remove tumour cells and bacteria, extracts from chicken fibrosarcoma were transmissible [5] . Subsequently, the association between Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and Burkitt's lymphoma extended the role of viruses to human cancer [6] . As recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are now seven human oncogenic viruses: EBV, highrisk HPVs (e.g., HPV16 and HPV18), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1), Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV-8), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), which are linked to nearly 20 different malignancies (Table 1, Figure 1) [7] .  \nOncogenic viruses are taxonomically diverse and exhibit a broad range of tissue tropisms [7] . Oncogenic viruses dysregulate a wide variety of host-cell oncogenic pathways, resulting in loss of cell cycle control, inhibition of apoptosis, and immune evasion [1] . For example, the majority of oncogenic viruses produce oncoproteins that converge on pRBand p53, ultimately fueling transformation to malignancy by preventing cell cycle arrest an","cbCaiaOYP2I1auDO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaOYP2I1auDO","pdf",3031762,"English","# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n## Oncogenic viruses and cancer drivers\n## Oncogenic viruses and epigenetic mechanisms\n# Table 1. Oncogenic viruses and their associated malignancies","[{\"question\":\"How do oncogenic viruses contribute to cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"Oncogenic viruses drive cancers by disrupting epigenetic homeostasis and by altering host cellular oncogenic pathways, leading to loss of cell cycle control, apoptosis inhibition, and immune evasion.\"},{\"question\":\"Which epigenetic processes are highlighted as relevant to virally mediated cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The work emphasizes epigenomic dysregulation, including changes related to DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, non-coding RNAs, and the involvement of histone deacetylase inhibitors.\"},{\"question\":\"How is HPV used to illustrate the link between epigenetics and viral life cycles?\",\"answer\":\"The article describes how epigenetic changes facilitate the human papillomavirus (HPV) lifecycle and how disturbances in this process can spur malignancy.\"}]","Oncogenic Viruses and the Epigenome - How Viruses Hijack Epigenetic Mechanisms to Drive Cancer | PDF",1790222017]