[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-detail-594045-en":59,"doc-seo-594045-105":81},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":60},{"doc_id":61,"user_id":62,"nickname":63,"user_avatar":64,"doc_module":4,"category_id":29,"category_name":30,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":66,"doc_content":67,"file_id":68,"file_url":69,"file_type":70,"file_size":71,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":72,"language":73,"language_code":74,"site_id":75,"html_lang":74,"table_of_contents":76,"faqs":77,"seo_title":78,"seo_description":66,"update_tm":79,"read_time":80},594045,2336478945519,"Franzy","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","On the learning of multi-word units via flashcard applications","Knowledge of multi-word units (MWUs) supports communicative fluency and has attracted increasing research attention in recent years for second language (L2) teaching and material design. The study discusses interventions influencing how MWUs are learned, emphasizing greater exposure and directing learners’ attention to specific MWUs. It proposes intentional learning through well-designed digital flashcard-style computer applications and smartphone apps, and further examines pedagogical implications when such tools use spaced repetition or a Leitner algorithm.","| | OPEN ACCESS\u003Cbr>Australian Journal of Applied Linguistics\u003Cbr>ISSN 2209-0959\u003Cbr>[https://www.castledown.com/journals/ajal/](https://www.castledown.com/journals/ajal/)\u003Cbr>|  |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Australian Journal ofApplied Linguistics, 5 (1), 1–18 (2022) [https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v5n1.643](https://doi.org/10.29140/ajal.v5n1.643) |  |  |  |  |\n| On the learning of multi-word units via flashcard applications |  |  |  | |\n| MARYAM BARGHAMADI a JAMES ROGERS b\u003Cbr>AMANDA MULLER c |  |  |  |  |\n| a Flinders University, Australia [ma_barghamadi@yahoo.com](ma_barghamadi@yahoo.com) |  | b Meijo University, Japan [jrogers@meijo-u.ac.jp](jrogers@meijo-u.ac.jp) | c Flinders University, Australia [amanda.muller@flinders.edu.au](amanda.muller@flinders.edu.au) |  |\n| Abstract\u003Cbr>Knowledge of multi-word units (MWUs) helps facilitate communicative fluency, and research on them has gained more and more attention in recent years concerning teaching methods and designing materials for second language (L2) acquisition. Incidental and intentional vocabulary learning are two dominant approaches to acquiring MWUs. In lexical studies, much research has examined the effects of these methods in various contexts. However, a gap in the research remains concerning materials development. This study aims to discuss various interventions that affect the teaching and learning of MWUs. This paper will highlight how more exposure and focusing learners' attention on particular MWUs is essential to the efficient acquisition of MWUs fluency. It can be achieved through intentional learning activities such as appropriately designed specialist digital flashcard-style computer applications and smartphone apps. Specifically, pedagogical implications are discussed when such applications employ either spaced repetition or a Leitner algorithm.\u003Cbr>Keywords: multi-word units, Leitner algorithm, spaced repetition, language learning applications |  |  |  |  |\n| Introduction\u003Cbr>Vocabulary knowledge is a fundamental aspect of both first (L1) and second language (L2) fluency which plays a central role in learning content in all stages of education (Webb & Nation, 2017) . Researchers emphasise vocabulary or lexical knowledge as a foundation to develop other language features such as morphology, phonology, pragmatics, and syntax (Biber & Conrad, 2001; Green & |  |  |  |  |\n\nCopyright: © 2022 Maryam Barghamadi, James Rogers, Amanda Muller. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.  \nData Availability Statement: All relevant data are within this paper.  \nLambert, 2018) . Lewis (1993) considered vocabulary knowledge a critical component of successful communication in L2 acquisition. Furthermore, Nation (2013) states that 30% of research on vocabulary acquisition for second language learning during the last 100 years has occurred since 2001. Therefore, research regarding the learning and teaching of vocabulary has been emerging for quite some time.  \nDetermining what vocabulary knowledge encompasses is a complex issue. The concept of knowing a word includes its semantics and what collocates it usually occurs with (thus forming MWUs), among others (Nation, 2013, p.44) . Therefore, knowing what words or types of words occur with other words is an essential aspect of using a word that Lewis (1993) refers to as grammaticalised lexis. He states that mastering them is an essential part of obtaining fluency in a language.  \nAs a result, in L2 acquisition, considerable literature has grown that focuses on researching MWUs. Many scholars have attempted to define “the co-occurrence of words as collocations or MWUs differently” (Rogers et al., 2021) . Therefore, various terms are used to describe the phenomenon of MWUs, such as idioms, collocation","cbCaiaiMoWBrTUyy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiaiMoWBrTUyy","pdf",307229,18,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Vocabulary knowledge and fluency in L1/L2\n## Defining MWUs and related terminology\n## Collocation, co-occurrence, and learning rationale\n## Technology and digital approaches for MWUs","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of the paper on multi-word units?\",\"answer\":\"The paper discusses how multi-word units (MWUs) are learned and what interventions affect their teaching and acquisition, especially through targeted attention and exposure.\"},{\"question\":\"How can flashcard-style applications help learners acquire MWUs?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that well-designed digital flashcard-style computer and smartphone apps can support intentional learning by increasing exposure and focusing learners on particular MWUs.\"},{\"question\":\"What learning approaches are examined for these applications?\",\"answer\":\"The paper highlights pedagogical implications when the applications use spaced repetition or a Leitner algorithm.\"}]","On the learning of multi-word units via flashcard applications | PDF",1792078431,45,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"ok",{"site_id":75,"language":74,"slug":84,"title":65,"keywords":85,"description":66,"schema_data":86,"social_meta":140,"head_meta":142,"extra_data":144,"updated_unix":145},"on-the-learning-of-multi-word-units-via-flashcard-applications","",{"@graph":87,"@context":139},[88,102,122],{"@type":89,"itemListElement":90},"BreadcrumbList",[91,95,97,100],{"item":92,"name":93,"@type":94,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":96,"name":9,"@type":94,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":98,"name":30,"@type":94,"position":99},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/",3,{"item":101,"name":65,"@type":94,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/on-the-learning-of-multi-word-units-via-flashcard-applications/594045/",{"url":101,"name":65,"@type":103,"image":104,"author":109,"headline":65,"publisher":111,"fileFormat":114,"inLanguage":74,"description":66,"dateModified":115,"datePublished":116,"encodingFormat":114,"isAccessibleForFree":117,"interactionStatistic":118},"DigitalDocument",{"url":105,"@type":106,"width":107,"height":108},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/on-the-learning-of-multi-word-units-via-flashcard-applications/594045.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":63,"@type":110},"Person",{"url":92,"name":112,"@type":113},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":119,"interactionType":120,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":121},"ViewAction",{"@type":123,"mainEntity":124},"FAQPage",[125,131,135],{"name":126,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":128},"What is the focus of the paper on multi-word units?","Question",{"text":129,"@type":130},"The paper discusses how multi-word units (MWUs) are learned and what interventions affect their teaching and acquisition, especially through targeted attention and exposure.","Answer",{"name":132,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":133},"How can flashcard-style applications help learners acquire MWUs?",{"text":134,"@type":130},"It argues that well-designed digital flashcard-style computer and smartphone apps can support intentional learning by increasing exposure and focusing learners on particular MWUs.",{"name":136,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":137},"What learning approaches are examined for these applications?",{"text":138,"@type":130},"The paper highlights pedagogical implications when the applications use spaced repetition or a Leitner algorithm.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":101,"og:type":141,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":112,"og:description":66},"article",{"robots":143,"canonical":101},"index,follow",{"doc_id":61,"site_id":75},1792545460]