[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40590-en":3,"doc-seo-40590-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40590,1374391975076,"Riley","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/14000253ca4ec9f6853?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1783305029341752051",8,"Research & Report","On the History of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science","The text records the development of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science through personal correspondence and archival recollections. It traces Rudolf Carnap’s move to the University of Chicago in 1936, Otto Neurath’s earlier conception of the project, and a signed publishing contract in 1937. It outlines proposed structures for the Encyclopedia’s sections, including methodological work in the special sciences, systematization across disciplines, and a possible Visual Thesaurus as an auxiliary program.","# ON THE HISTORY OF THEINTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIAOF UNIFIED SCIENCE\n\nRudolf Carnap accepted a professorship in philosophy at the Universityof Chicago in 1936.I had first met him during a stay in Prague in 1934.Otto Neurath made a visit to Chicago in October 1936,and the three of usmet with Donald P.Bean of the University of Chicago Press to proposethe publication of an International Encyclopedia of Unified Science.Acontract with the Press to this end was signed in February 1937.UntilCarnap left the University of Chicago in 1952 we worked closely togetheron the affairs of the Encyclopedia,and until Neurath's death in 1945 weeach had a very voluminous correspondence with him,and exchangedcopies of our own letters.On my desk as I write this is a pile of lettersfrom those years well over a foot high.I have reread most of them forthis occasion of paying homage to Carnap.Some historical facts whichI salvaged -especially concerning the Encyclopedia-seem to me ofsufficient interest to record briefly.  \nThe original idea of the Encyclopedia was Otto Neurath's.In a letter of1935 he wrote that he was at work on the project at least as early as 1920.He wrote that he first talked it over with Einstein and Hans Hahn,andhad early discussions about it with Carnap and Philipp Frank.In the1930's Neurath was with the Mundaneum Institute of the Hague.He hadset up The Unity of Science Institute'in 1936 as a department of thisInstitute,and in 1937 this was renamed ‘The International Institute forthe Unity of Science',with Neurath,Frank,and Morris forming theexecutive committee.There was also set up an ‘Organization Committeeof the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science',composed ofNeurath,Carnap,Frank,Jorgen Jorgensen,Morris,and Louis Rougier.(Also formed was an ‘Organization Committee of the InternationalCongresses for the Unity of Science',composed of the same personsplus L.Susan Stebbing.)The general project of the Encyclopedia wasdiscussed at length at the First International Congress for the Unity ofScience,Paris,September 1935,and the Congress voted approval of the  \nCHARLES MORRIS  \nproject.As the preceding details make clear,the idea of the Encyclopedialong preceded this Congress.  \nMy correspondence contains three extensive statements of Neurath'sideas about the Encyclopedia:a five page outline in May 1936,a four pagestatement in February 1937,and another four page discussion in June1938.There were many letters back and forth concerning these proposals.As will be seen,Neurath's ideas ranged very far.  \nIn addition to the two introductory volumes(each to contain ten mono-graphs)with the section title of Foundations of the Unity of Science,Neurath thought of two(and at times of three)other,and larger,sections.The three of us came to no agreement as to the proper title for thesesections,but the general plan was clear.Section 2 was to deal withmethodological problems involved in the special sciences and in thesystematization of science,with particular stress to be laid upon theconfrontation and discussion of divergent points of view.Section 3 was toconcern itself with the actual state of systematization within the specialsciences and the connections which obtained between them,with thehope that this might help toward further systematization.Neurath in1938 was thinking of six volumes(60 monographs)for Section 2 and eightvolumes(80 monographs)for Section 3.But there was even more in hisbag of ideas than this.  \nNeurath had long planned a comprehensive Visual Thesaurus (sometimeshe called it the Pictorial and sometimes the Isotype Thesaurus)whichwould be ‘eine Weltübersicht in Bilden’.At times he thought that thismight be an adjunct of the Encyclopedia,in which vase he proposed anadditional Section 4 for the Encyclopedia which would exemplify andapply the methods and results of the preceding three Sections to suchfields as education,engineering,law,and medicine.Neurath proposedten volumes for this Section,each of which would have a pictori","cbCaidC7dTwOIoQm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidC7dTwOIoQm","pdf",266706,3,1,5,"English","en",105,"# Background and Collaboration\n## Origins of the Encyclopedia Idea\n## Agreements, Sections, and Scope\n## Publishing Plans and War Impact\n## Post-War Direction and Legacy","[{\"question\":\"Who originated the idea for the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science?\",\"answer\":\"Otto Neurath is credited with originating the idea, with work on the project traced back to at least 1920 and early discussions involving Einstein, Hans Hahn, Carnap, and Philipp Frank.\"},{\"question\":\"When was the publishing contract signed, and how did the collaboration develop afterward?\",\"answer\":\"A contract with the University of Chicago Press was signed in February 1937. Until Carnap left in 1952 and until Neurath’s death in 1945, the collaborators worked closely through ongoing correspondence and exchanges of letters.\"},{\"question\":\"What major structural themes were proposed for the Encyclopedia’s sections?\",\"answer\":\"The plan included introductory volumes on the Foundations of the Unity of Science, a methodological section addressing systematization in special sciences with emphasis on differing viewpoints, and another section on the actual state of systematization and interconnections among special sciences.\"}]",1783313229,13,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"on-the-history-of-the-international-encyclopedia-of-unified-science","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/on-the-history-of-the-international-encyclopedia-of-unified-science/40590/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-09","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Who originated the idea for the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Otto Neurath is credited with originating the idea, with work on the project traced back to at least 1920 and early discussions involving Einstein, Hans Hahn, Carnap, and Philipp Frank.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"When was the publishing contract signed, and how did the collaboration develop afterward?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"A contract with the University of Chicago Press was signed in February 1937. Until Carnap left in 1952 and until Neurath’s death in 1945, the collaborators worked closely through ongoing correspondence and exchanges of letters.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What major structural themes were proposed for the Encyclopedia’s sections?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The plan included introductory volumes on the Foundations of the Unity of Science, a methodological section addressing systematization in special sciences with emphasis on differing viewpoints, and another section on the actual state of systematization and interconnections among special sciences.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":22,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]