[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-39418-en":3,"doc-seo-39418-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},39418,1099513958607,"Jiven","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399",8,"Research & Report","On Proper Action and Virtue: An Essay on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics","The essay analyzes Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics with a focus on moral virtue and proper action across its ten books. Eudaimonia—human well-being—is presented as the highest good, achieved through cultivating a virtuous character via appropriate habits. Moral virtues are practiced through virtuous actions, while ethics is treated as a practical science, emphasizing practical wisdom over purely theoretical insight. The paper also connects Aristotle’s framework to modern situations illustrating virtue and its opposites.","On Proper Action and Virtue: An Essay on Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics  \nJoseph Karuzis  \nHokkaido University, Japan  \nAbstract  \nThis paper will discuss and analyze specific arguments concerning moral virtue and action that are found within the ten books of Aristotle’sNicomachean Ethics. Eudaimonia, i.e. well-being, or happiness, is the highest good for people, and in order to achieve this, a virtuous character is necessary. A virtuous character is cultivated, and the life of a virtuous human is a life that is lived well, and is lived according to moral virtues which are developed through proper habits. It is through this development and practice of moral virtues by which one achieves eudaimonia, for this well-being is achieved by partaking in actions that are virtuous. The study of ethics for Aristotle is a practical science. Although through the study of ethics one may acquire theoretical knowledge, it is practical knowledge, or practical wisdom, that is most important for Aristotle when engaged in a search to define and cultivate a life that is well-lived. The topics and arguments contained within this paper will be of interest and relevance to both those who are interested in ancient Greek philosophy and to those that are concerned with ethics in the modern world. For this paper will also present situations from the modern world that are either examples of virtuous activity or its opposite. Such a study into Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics will offer insightful perspectives on proper action and virtue that is rooted in ancient Greek philosophy and remains relevant in our modern world.  \nIntroduction  \nThe Nicomachean Ethics is perhaps one of the most important philosophical treatises within the Western philosophical tradition. Part of the reason this is so is because it is the first treatise on ethical theory ever written. Another reason is that in the Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle describes with great subtlety and insight, the components and actions required for living a welllived life. Within the ten books located in this text, which is named after his son Nicomachus, Aristotle discusses eudaimonia, i.e. happiness or flourishing, arête, i.e. virtue, justice, akrasia, i.e. weakness of the will, self-restraint, friendship, and pleasure. In order to understand Aristotle’s approach to ethical theory we should be cognizant of his three-fold division of the sciences into the theoretical, the practical, and the productive. The theoretical sciences are composed of the subjects such as prote philosophia, i.e. metaphysics, and in addition to that physics, and natural philosophy. The theoretical sciences for Aristotle mainly involve investigations dedicated to hypostasizing the conceptualization of the nature of the universe. Those engaged in research of the theoretical sciences do so in order to seek knowledge for its own sake. The practical sciences are concerned with the study of proper action and proper behavior. Ethics and politics are subjects that are found within the sphere of the practical sciences. The practical sciences are contrasted with the theoretical sciences in the sense that the former is concerned with gaining knowledge and doing something specific with it, while the latter is concerned with knowledge for its own sake. The productive sciences are concerned mainly with craftsmanship and the creation of products or artefacts, such as houses, or tables. Carpentry, medicine, agriculture and rhetoric are all found within the sphere of the productive sciences. Their aim is to create something is useful and productive to humans. Within the three-fold division of the sciences varying degrees of precision are necessary with regards to the various sciences, and Aristotle raises this point at the beginning of the Nicomachean Ethics.  \nOur discussion will be adequate if it has as much clearness as the subject-matter admits of; for precision is not to be sought for alike in all discussions, any more than in all the products o","cbCaibSy5dKKeoWP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibSy5dKKeoWP","pdf",160404,4,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## The three-fold division of the sciences\n## Precision and the limits of ethical inquiry\n## Virtue, eudaimonia, and practical wisdom","[{\"question\":\"What is eudaimonia in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics as discussed in the essay?\",\"answer\":\"Eudaimonia is described as well-being or happiness and the highest good for people. It is achieved through cultivating a virtuous character and living according to moral virtues.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the essay explain how virtues are developed and practiced?\",\"answer\":\"A virtuous character is cultivated through proper habits. Eudaimonia is reached by partaking in actions that express and reinforce moral virtues.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the essay treat ethics as a practical science?\",\"answer\":\"The essay argues that ethics matters most as practical wisdom, guiding how to live a well-lived life. Even if theoretical knowledge can be gained, the priority is practical guidance for action.\"}]",1783082624,28,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"on-proper-action-and-virtue-an-essay-on-aristotles-nicomachean-ethics","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/on-proper-action-and-virtue-an-essay-on-aristotles-nicomachean-ethics/39418/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-13","2026-07-03",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What is eudaimonia in Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics as discussed in the essay?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Eudaimonia is described as well-being or happiness and the highest good for people. It is achieved through cultivating a virtuous character and living according to moral virtues.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the essay explain how virtues are developed and practiced?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"A virtuous character is cultivated through proper habits. Eudaimonia is reached by partaking in actions that express and reinforce moral virtues.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why does the essay treat ethics as a practical science?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"The essay argues that ethics matters most as practical wisdom, guiding how to live a well-lived life. Even if theoretical knowledge can be gained, the priority is practical guidance for action.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]