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This paper illustrates its applications, real-world examples, and limitations using actual data analyzed with SPSS, emphasizing how the procedure compares matched groups and supports decisions under stated assumptions.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & Report",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/on-paired-samples-t-test-applications-examples-and-limitations/472935/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/on-paired-samples-t-test-applications-examples-and-limitations/472935.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Blue Pony","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":22},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What does a paired samples t-test compare?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"It compares the mean of two matched groups (or the same group measured at two time points) to test whether the mean difference between paired observations differs significantly from zero.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"What assumptions are required for the paired samples t-test?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"The test relies on conditions such as normality, equal variances, and independence of observations.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"How is the paired samples t-test applied using SPSS?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"The study analyzes real data with SPSS to evaluate differences in a variable between paired observations, such as learning outcomes before and after a treatment or training.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},472935,1791298932,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,105,110,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":111,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":22,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":115,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090760266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","ON PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST:  \nAPPLICATIONS, EXAMPLES AND LIMITATIONS  \nAllen I. Talikan, Rufaida Salapuddin, Jainalyn A. Aksan, Roslina J. Rahimulla, Adzhar Ismael, Rumida Jimlah, Nasra Idris, Rubina B. Dammang, Dermayna A. Jamar, Emelyn  \nSarahadil and Rozia A. Ajan  \nMindanao State University-Sulu, Jolo, Sulu, 7400, Philippines  \n[https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987546](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10987546)  \nABSTRACT  \nThe paired samples t-test is a commonly used statistical procedure for comparing the means of two paired populations to determine their equality. In this paper, the applications, examples and limitations of paired samples t-test are illustrated using real data employing the Statistical Package for Social Sciences , a prominent software tool for the said test.  \nKeywords: Paired samples t-test; two matched groups; paired populations; mean difference  \nINTRODUCTION  \nIn a mathematical approach to hypothesis tests, we start with a clearly defined set of hypotheses and choose the test with the best properties for those hypotheses. In practice, we often start with less precise hypotheses. For example, often a researcher wants to know which of two groups generally has the larger responses, and t-test could be acceptable (Fay & Proschan, 2010) . A paired-samples t-test compares the mean of two matched groups of people or cases, or compares the mean of a single group, examined at two different points in time (Ross et al. , 2017) . It is one of the widely-used statistical procedures for comparing the equality of the means of the two paired populations. The basic underlying assumption of the test is that observations should meet certain preconditions, such as normality, equal variances and independence (Park et al. ,  \n2020; Kim, 2015) . Many researchers employ the paired t-test to evaluate the mean difference between matched data points (Hedberg & Ayes, 2015) .  \nResearch Objectives  \nThis research study was guided by the following objectives:  \n1. To define paired samples t-test;  \n2. To provide readers with the use and practicability of paired samples t-test; and  \n3. To lay down the limitations of paired samples t-test.  \nMETHODOLOGY  \nThe purpose of this paper was to examine the applications, examples, and limitations of the paired-samples t-test. The primary approach involved conducting a comprehensive literature review. Various sources, such as scholarly articles, textbooks, and online resources, were searched using specific keywords like \"paired samples t-test\"and \"limitations of t-test\" to find relevant information. Only sources that clearly explained the applications of the test, provide real-world examples, or discuss its limitations and assumptions were included. Studies that focused on alternative tests or lack a connection to the applications, examples, or limitations of the paired-samples t-test were excluded. The collected literature was analyzed to identify key themes regarding the t-test. Important points and relevant data will be recorded. Furthermore, the methodology incorporated illustrative examples to demonstrate the practical use of the paired-samplest-test in real-world scenarios. This approach aimed to establish a clear framework for exploring the usefulness of the paired-samples t-test.  \nRESULTS AND DISCUSSION  \nThis section presents the results and discussions of the study.  \nApplications of paired samples t-test  \nThe paired sample problem denotes situations in which two measurements are taken from the same object or individual to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the mean difference between paired observations is significantly different from zero (Grzegorzewski, 2022) . The SPSS software is a very common statistical software in educational research that can be used to analyze the differences of a variable after being given treatment. One of the variables that can be analyzed is the difference in student learning outcomes. Teaching materials used in learning can cause ","cbCairASaXtHNdxf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairASaXtHNdxf","pdf",692110,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Research Objectives\n# Methodology\n# Results and Discussion\n## Applications of paired samples t-test\n## Examples of paired samples t-test\n## Limitations of paired samples t-test","[{\"question\":\"What does a paired samples t-test compare?\",\"answer\":\"It compares the mean of two matched groups (or the same group measured at two time points) to test whether the mean difference between paired observations differs significantly from zero.\"},{\"question\":\"What assumptions are required for the paired samples t-test?\",\"answer\":\"The test relies on conditions such as normality, equal variances, and independence of observations.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the paired samples t-test applied using SPSS?\",\"answer\":\"The study analyzes real data with SPSS to evaluate differences in a variable between paired observations, such as learning outcomes before and after a treatment or training.\"}]","ON PAIRED SAMPLES T-TEST - APPLICATIONS, EXAMPLES AND LIMITATIONS | PDF",1790781652,23]