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is international biology presented as important for public health and disease control?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The address frames disease fighting as grounded in biological research and its applications, emphasizing how successful control in one region can help prevent epidemics elsewhere.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},323572,1790238465,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,111,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & 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SERIESOF THE  \nNATIONAL RESEARCHCOUNCI  \n!7TERNAT'1ONAL BIOL OGYVeroon lellog:  \nNa          c    r(Auue condo              Lm,r,3     的-/u6,  \nPrice 15 cents  \nREPRINT AND CIRCULAR SERIESOF THE  \nNATIONAL RESEARCHCoUNCIL  \nINTERNATIONAL BIOLOGYVernon Kellogg  \nAn Address prepared for the Third Pan AmericanScientific Congress.held at Lima,Peru,December 20,1924-January 6,1925  \nON INTERNATIONALBIOL○GY  \nBy VERNOn KELLOGG  \nPermanent Secretary,National Research Council of the United States.  \nCIENCE knows no political boundaries.Biology is a science.Hence biology knows no political boundaries.The syllogismis in proper form.The conclusion should be correct.Butit is not wholly correct.Biology does,to some degree,knowpolitical boundaries.  \nS  \nThe trouble lies with the major premise.Desirable as it may bethat science should know no political boundaries,that happy situ-ation has not yet been wholly reached,and science does know them,in some measure.I hope that one of the results of the holding ofthis Congress will be to reduce this measure.  \nBiology is the science of life,the study of living things.It is awidely inclusive science.Some of its important special phases,asmedicine and agriculture,look on themselves as more or less inde-pendent sciences,but essentially they are simply applied biology.Sanitation is a combination of biology and engineering.Sociologyis a specialized phase of the biological study of a single kind of socialanimal,man.Anthropology and most of psychology are similarlyonly specialized phases of human biology.Even the historians,economists,and political scientists are ever shifting their studiessteadily toward a biological basis.  \nBut the general biologist is not jealous.If these special phasesof biological study wish to cling to a certain independence,and callthemselves by special names,the biologist has no objection.Onlyhe,too,is especially interested in that most interesting of all livingcreatures,man,and does not intend to be wholly shut out of thefield of human biology.So,whenever his studies of starfishes andsilkworms,heredity and environmental influence,developmentand evolution,lead him,as they all do lead him,to consider afresh,from the light of his new knowledge,the biology of man,he doesnot hesitate to do so.With the growth of his understanding ofgeneral biology he does not hesitate to have his word concerning thesignificance of this understanding in its relation to human life.And he does not hesitate to speak this word even though its utterancemay seem to make him talk about medicine or agriculture or sani-  \n74339—25十  \ntation or sociology,subjects formally recognized by the prograniauthorities of this Congress as entitled to special consideration undertheir own names in other Congress sections.  \nIf,then,I occasionally encroach in this brief talk about inter-national biology on what inay seem to be other subjects,such asmedicine or agriculture or evell sociology,I claim your indulgence.  \nFor example,because it is iny privilege to be a member of thegoverning board of the Rockefeller Foundation and of the governing  \nCourtesy of The Rockefeller Foundation  \n# ERADICATION OF YELLOW FEVER 1N THE AMERICAS\n\nThe driving out of this dread disease in the American tropics and subtropies is a conspicuous example ofuseful international biology.  \nbody of its subsidiary organization,the International Health Board,I have had to give some special attention to the work which thisorganization has done and is doing in cooperation with the publichealth activities of the Governments of 15 different countries inSouth and Central America(including Mexico).The InternationalHealth Board,which draws its funds exclusively from the RockefellerFoundation,contributed in the 11-year period 1913-1923 three anda quarter million dollars to this work,and has at the present moment  \nON INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY  \n14 expert field workers in South and Central America.It is alsosupporting,on a fel","cbCaiuWj7wHRo4EY","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuWj7wHRo4EY","pdf",798448,"English","# International biology and political boundaries\n## Biology as an inclusive science\n## Linkages to medicine, agriculture, and social studies\n## International public health cooperation\n## Disease control and biological foundations\n## Agriculture, pests, and cross-border biological problems","[{\"question\":\"What core claim does Kellogg make about biology and political boundaries?\",\"answer\":\"Kellogg argues that biology, unlike politics, should not be constrained by national borders, though he notes science does encounter them in practice and seeks to reduce their effect.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the address connect general biology to other disciplines?\",\"answer\":\"It presents medicine, agriculture, sanitation, sociology, anthropology, and psychology as specialized phases of biological study, all tied to understanding human life and living systems.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is international biology presented as important for public health and disease control?\",\"answer\":\"The address frames disease fighting as grounded in biological research and its applications, emphasizing how successful control in one region can help prevent epidemics elsewhere.\"}]","ON INTERNATIONAL BIOLOGY - address prepared for the Third Pan American Scientific Congress | PDF",1789965568]