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Using single-cell Raman spectroscopy combined with microfluidic techniques, the study profiles healthy epithelial, Barrett’s oesophagus, and adenocarcinoma cell lines across progressive stages. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis classify cancer stages, distinguishing healthy versus cancerous cells with 97% accuracy, while separating dysplastic stages with ~68% intra-class separation, supporting rapid diagnostic and prognostic screening.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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is early diagnosis of oesophageal adenocarcinoma challenging?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Current approaches rely on invasive techniques like endoscopy and there are few identified biomarkers for disease progression, making detection costly and difficult.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were different stages of progression classified in the study?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Single-cell Raman spectroscopy spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to classify stages of cancer progression.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What diagnostic performance did the approach achieve?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The method differentiated healthy from cancerous cells with 97% accuracy, and separated dysplastic stages from healthy/cancer with approximately 68% intra-class 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nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nOn‑chip Raman spectroscopy of live single cells for the staging of oesophageal adenocarcinoma progression  \nAlisha Farooq1,2, Christopher D. Wood 3, John E. Ladbury2 & Stephen D. Evans1*  \nThe absence of early diagnosis contributes to oesophageal cancer being the sixth most common cause of global cancer‑associated deaths, with a 5‑year survival rate of \u003C 20% . Barrett’s oesophagus is the main pre‑cancerous condition to adenocarcinoma development, characterised by the morphological transition of oesophageal squamous epithelium to metaplastic columnar epithelium. Early tracking and treatment of oesophageal adenocarcinoma could dramatically improve with diagnosis and monitoring of patients with Barrett’s Oesophagus. Current diagnostic methods involve invasive techniques such as endoscopies and, with only a few identified biomarkers of disease progression, the detection of oesophageal adenocarcinoma is costly and challenging. In this work, single‑cell Raman spectroscopy was combined with microfluidic techniques to characterise the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma through the progression of healthy epithelial, Barrett’s oesophagus andoesophageal adenocarcinoma cell lines. Principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis were used to classify the different stages of cancer progression. with the ability to differentiate between healthy and cancerous cells with an accuracy of 97%. Whilst the approach could also separate the dysplastic stages from healthy or cancer with high accuracy—the intra‑class separation was approximately 68%. Overall, these results highlight the potential for rapid and reliable diagnostic/ prognostic screening of Barrett’s Oesophagus patients.  \nCases of benign oesophageal diseases such as gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), eosinophilic oesophagitis, and Barrett’s oesophagus are increasing in prevalence, with the latter classified as the main pre-cancerous condition for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC)1. Characterised by the replacement ofsquamous oesophageal epithelia by a mosaic of intestinal and gastric cell types, Barrett’s Oesophagus is an archetypal metaplastic condition found in up to 10% of GORD patients2. Barrett’s Oesophagus occurs as an adaptive response to recurrent acid and bile exposure of the epithelial squamous mucosa, leading to DNA damage, with 0.12–0.6% of patients annually developing low-grade and high-grade dysplasia leading to invasive OAC3. Risk factors such as obesity and acid reflux can have a synergistic effect due to increased intra-abdominal pressure and obesity-related metabolic syndrome. Other contributing factors include being of the male sex (7:1 to females), low vegetable and fruit intake, and high red meat, alcohol and tobacco intake2. Early detection of dysplastic changes within Barrett’s Oesophagus would allow intervention prior to cancer development. Currently, there is no treatment leading to complete recovery once a patient has been diagnosed.  \nThe integration of multiple disciplines, such as pathology, physiology, and analytical chemistry, has led to the increasing use of microfluidic platforms in cancer research over the last three decades4,5. The customisable nature of microfluidic chips has allowed the development of platforms for studying systems from single-cell to patient-derived tissues6. The high-throughput, low cost and improved efficiency of these devices provide the ideal platform for identification and characterisation of cancer cell types and metastatic patterns7,8. Microfluidic chips have been utilised with other methods of recent cancer research in studies including: tumour cell detection in blood9, 10, angiogenesis within 3D culture11, metastasis of breast cancer12, 13, and biochemical analysis using Raman spectroscopy, with the latter combination becoming increasingly used14–17.  \nRaman spectroscopy has been previously used for the detection and di","cbCaihPivQ3N0QDO","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihPivQ3N0QDO","pdf",1615625,"English","# Study aim and clinical need\n# Barrett’s oesophagus, dysplasia, and cancer progression\n# Microfluidic platforms in cancer research\n# Raman spectroscopy methods for single-cell analysis\n# Experimental approach and classification results\n# Implications for diagnosis and prognostic screening","[{\"question\":\"Why is early diagnosis of oesophageal adenocarcinoma challenging?\",\"answer\":\"Current approaches rely on invasive techniques like endoscopy and there are few identified biomarkers for disease progression, making detection costly and difficult.\"},{\"question\":\"How were different stages of progression classified in the study?\",\"answer\":\"Single-cell Raman spectroscopy spectra were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to classify stages of cancer progression.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic performance did the approach achieve?\",\"answer\":\"The method differentiated healthy from cancerous cells with 97% accuracy, and separated dysplastic stages from healthy/cancer with approximately 68% intra-class separation.\"}]","On‑chip Raman spectroscopy of live single cells for the staging of oesophageal adenocarcinoma progression - Rapid diagnostic/prognostic screening potential | PDF",1789975183,23]