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Ocular surface side effects are clinically important because they affect both quality of life and quality of vision, including symptoms such as ocular discomfort and reduced visual acuity. The review evaluates ocular surface and adnexal adverse effects of newer anticancer drugs, clarifying physiopathogenetic mechanisms and supporting appropriate clinical management, while highlighting known associations such as blepharoconjunctivitis and dry eye disease.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/ocular-surface-side-effects-of-novel-anticancer-drugs-review/338823/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/ocular-surface-side-effects-of-novel-anticancer-drugs-review/338823.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why do novel anticancer drugs cause ocular surface side effects?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They can trigger undesirable ocular adverse effects through cyto/neuro-toxicity and inflammatory reactions. These changes can present as ocular discomfort symptoms and sometimes reduced visual acuity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Which anticancer drugs are associated with blepharoconjunctivitis and dry eye disease?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Blepharoconjunctivitis is described as a common side effect linked to oxaliplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and docetaxel. Dry eye disease is associated with agents such as anastrozole, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What is the main purpose of the review?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"To analyze the ocular surface and adnexal side effects of innovative anticancer medications. 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Ocular Surface Side Effects of Novel Anticancer Drugs. Cancers 2024, 16, 344. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020344](doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020344)  \nAcademic Editor: Yang Yuqi  \nReceived: 24 December 2023  \nRevised: 10 January 2024  \nAccepted: 11 January 2024  \nPublished: 13 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Eye Unit,“Luigi Curto” Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Salerno, 84035 Polla, SA, Italy; [livio.vitiello@gmail.com](livio.vitiello@gmail.com)  \n2 Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, CA, Italy; [f.lixi1@studenti.unica.it](f.lixi1@studenti.unica.it)  \n3 Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, RM, Italy; [giulia.coco@uniroma2.it](giulia.coco@uniroma2.it)  \n* Correspondence: [giuseppe.giannaccare@unica.it](giuseppe.giannaccare@unica.it)  \nSimple Summary: Anticancer drugs can determine alterations in the ocular surface system as side effects that can be referred to by patients as ocular discomfort symptoms and, sometimes, as reduced visual acuity. For this reason, it becomes essential to spread knowledge of the entire spectrum of ocular side effects of these drugs, especially for newer and more recent drugs. This review aims at analyzing the adverse effects on the ocular surface of these innovative anticancer drugs, trying to highlight the physiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying these complications and providing useful indications to clinicians for their proper management.  \nAbstract: Surgery, anticancer drugs (chemotherapy, hormonal medicines, and targeted treatments), and/or radiation are common treatment strategies for neoplastic diseases. Anticancer drugs eliminate malignant cells through the inhibition of specific pathways that contribute to the formation and development of cancer. Given the ability of such pharmacological medications to combat cancerous cells, their role in the management of neoplastic diseases has become essential. However, these drugs may also lead to undesirable systemic and ocular adverse effects due to cyto/neuro-toxicity and inflammatory reactions. Ocular surface side effects are recognized to significantly impact patient’s quality of life and quality of vision. Blepharoconjunctivitis is known to be a common side effect caused by oxaliplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and docetaxel, while anastrozole, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil can all determine dry eye disease. However, the potential processes involved in the development of these alterations are yet not fully understood, especially for novel drugs currently available for cancer treatment. This review aims at analyzing the potential ocular surface and adnexal side effects of novel anticancer medications, trying to provide a better understanding of the underlying pharmacological processes and useful insights on the choice of proper management.  \nKeywords: ocular surface; drugs; cancer; dry eye; side effects  \n1. Introduction  \nCancer is a group of neoplastic disorders characterized by the abnormal and uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells in the body. The incidence of cancer is expected to increase, with projections estimating it to reach 23.6 million cases worldwide by 2030, making it one of the main causes of mortality. Despite this figure, overall cancer survival has improved over the last few decades, thanks to the efforts in cancer ","cbCaiosywnEcoS6q","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiosywnEcoS6q","pdf",340438,22,"English","# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods","[{\"question\":\"Why do novel anticancer drugs cause ocular surface side effects?\",\"answer\":\"They can trigger undesirable ocular adverse effects through cyto/neuro-toxicity and inflammatory reactions. These changes can present as ocular discomfort symptoms and sometimes reduced visual acuity.\"},{\"question\":\"Which anticancer drugs are associated with blepharoconjunctivitis and dry eye disease?\",\"answer\":\"Blepharoconjunctivitis is described as a common side effect linked to oxaliplatin, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and docetaxel. Dry eye disease is associated with agents such as anastrozole, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the main purpose of the review?\",\"answer\":\"To analyze the ocular surface and adnexal side effects of innovative anticancer medications. It aims to highlight underlying mechanisms and provide clinicians with useful guidance for proper management.\"}]","Ocular Surface Side Effects of Novel Anticancer Drugs - Review | PDF",1790025962,55]