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It outlines epidemiology, symptom overlap and underdiagnosis, then reviews identifying characteristics and clinical limitations of traditional testing, including Amsel’s criteria and Nugent scoring for BV, and low-sensitivity wet mount or culture approaches for trichomoniasis. It emphasizes the need for accurate, practical diagnosis to guide effective treatment.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nuswabsm-vg-a-nucleic-acid-amplification-single-specimen-assay-vaginitis-diagnostic-approach/402149/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nuswabsm-vg-a-nucleic-acid-amplification-single-specimen-assay-vaginitis-diagnostic-approach/402149.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"dhado","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-27",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why is vaginitis often underdiagnosed?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Many infected women lack symptoms or have symptoms that overlap with other vaginal complaints. As a result, a large proportion of cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What are the traditional diagnostic approaches for bacterial vaginosis (BV)?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"BV has traditionally been diagnosed using Amsel’s criteria or the Nugent score based on Gram stain analysis. Cultures are generally not useful for BV diagnosis.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What makes traditional trichomoniasis testing difficult?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Traditional methods such as wet mounts or cultures have limited sensitivity. Wet mounts must also be performed quickly after sample collection to preserve organism viability.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},402149,1790740372,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":125},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":33,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":55,"preview_page_count":4},5909893218464,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","This INDUSTRY DIRECT supplement  \nto The Journal of Family Practice, is brought to you by Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings.  \nThis article previously appeared as an April 2012 supplement to OBG Management and The Female Patient, sister publications of The Journal of Family Practice. This article was neither developed, nor peer reviewed, by The Journal of Family Practice.  \nA SUPPLEMENT TO  \nINDUSTRY DIRECT  \nNuSwabSM VG: A new diagnostic approach to vaginitis  \nA nucleic acid amplification, single-specimen assay for detection of bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis  \nV  \nulvovaginitis is a major health problem and is the reason for at least 10 million gynecologic office visits each year in the United States.1 The three most common infections identified at these visits? Bacterial vaginosis  \n(BV), trichomoniasis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC).1 Conditions that once were discussed in low voices behind closed doors are now the subject of national media attention, thanks to their broad prevalence and the desire of patients to keep informed about their health.  \nJust how prevalent are these infections? According to an analysis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), BVaffects approximately 29.2% of women.2 And the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) estimates the prevalence of trichomoniasis at 4% to 35%, and VVC at 17% to 39%.3  \nMany infected women lack symptoms, however, or their symptoms overlap those of other vaginal complaints. As a result, as many as 72% of women who have vaginitis remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.3 This is an important consideration, as effective treatment depends on accurate diagnosis.  \nIDENTIFYING CHARACTERISTICS  \nBacterial vaginosis represents disruption of the vaginal flora, with overgrowth of anaerobic and facultative organisms such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma hominis, Atopobium vaginae, and other species. BV is the most common cause of abnormal  \nvaginal discharge in women of reproductive age—but not all women who have BV exhibit abnormal discharge.4 In fact, most women who have BV are asymptomatic. BV is associated with an increased risk of acquisition of HIV and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), as well as postoperative infection, preterm delivery (and other complications of pregnancy), and pelvic inflammatory disease.3  \nThe precise cause, or causes, of BV remain to be elucidated. The role of sexual activity in its pathogenesis is unknown.5  \nTrichomoniasis develops as a consequence of sexually transmitted infection with a protozoan parasite, Trichomonas vaginalis. In the United States, approximately 7.4 million cases of trichomoniasis are diagnosed each year, but only about 30% of patients develop symptoms or signs.6,7 Because trichomoniasis is not reportable to public health agencies or included in routine screening for sexually transmitted diseases, its prevalence is likely to be underestimated and may be as high as 32% in some populations.7  \nWhen trichomoniasis is present, a person maybe more likely to acquire or transmit other sexually transmitted diseases, such asHIV and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.6 Trichomoniasis is also associated with an increased risk of preterm delivery.3  \nAs its name suggests, candidiasis is caused by species of theyeast genus Candida—usually C albicans, the species identified inmost cases.8 In recent years, however, other species have emerged in women who have VVC, including C glabrata, C tropicalis, and Ckrusei. Approximately 75% of women are affected by candidiasis during their lifetime—nearly 50% of them on more than one occasion.8 Candidiasis is common in pregnancy.  \nTHE CHALLENGE OF DIAGNOSING VAGINITIS  \nBacterial vaginosis. Traditional clinical diagnosis of BV involves the use of 1) Amsel’s criteria or 2) the Nugent score, based on analysis of a Gram stain.  \nA diagnosis of BVbased onAmsel’s criteria requires thepresence ofat least three of the following:  \n","cbCaifVObMTFCHCR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifVObMTFCHCR","pdf",327082,"English","# Identifying Vaginitis Conditions\n## Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)\n## Trichomoniasis\n## Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC)\n# The Challenge of Diagnosing Vaginitis\n## BV: Amsel’s Criteria and Nugent Score\n## BV: Limitations of Cultures\n## Trichomoniasis: Traditional Testing and Constraints","[{\"question\":\"Why is vaginitis often underdiagnosed?\",\"answer\":\"Many infected women lack symptoms or have symptoms that overlap with other vaginal complaints. As a result, a large proportion of cases remain undiagnosed or misdiagnosed.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the traditional diagnostic approaches for bacterial vaginosis (BV)?\",\"answer\":\"BV has traditionally been diagnosed using Amsel’s criteria or the Nugent score based on Gram stain analysis. Cultures are generally not useful for BV diagnosis.\"},{\"question\":\"What makes traditional trichomoniasis testing difficult?\",\"answer\":\"Traditional methods such as wet mounts or cultures have limited sensitivity. Wet mounts must also be performed quickly after sample collection to preserve organism viability.\"}]","NuSwabSM VG - A nucleic acid amplification, single-specimen assay - vaginitis diagnostic approach | PDF",1790527597]