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However, the Department of Defense has not explicitly defined “nuclear deterrence,” limiting shared understanding among JPME officials and students. GAO also finds implementation timing for outcomes-based education is unclear, with service perspectives ranging from 2027 to 2029. GAO recommends clearer definition guidance and a specific full implementation time frame.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nuclear-enterprise-gao-25-107416-clearer-guidance-could-improve-joint-professional-military-education-nuclear-deterrence-curriculum/587847/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nuclear-enterprise-gao-25-107416-clearer-guidance-could-improve-joint-professional-military-education-nuclear-deterrence-curriculum/587847.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Melati","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What did GAO find about nuclear deterrence content in JPME curricula?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"All 23 surveyed JPME programs include varying degrees of nuclear deterrence content in intermediate- and senior-level curricula, including mandatory topics identified in JPME guidance.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does GAO say guidance needs improvement for nuclear deterrence?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"GAO found DOD has not explicitly defined nuclear deterrence in the guidance, which could limit JPME program officials’ ability to develop content with a shared understanding of the concept.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What recommendations does GAO make to DOD?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"GAO makes three recommendations: update guidance to explicitly define nuclear deterrence and set a specific time frame for full implementation of outcomes-based military education.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},587847,1792779877,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962085570644,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","United States Government Accountability Office  \nReport to Congressional  \nCommittees  \nSeptember 2025  \nNUCLEAR ENTERPRISE  \nClearer Guidance Could Improve Joint Professional Military Education Nuclear Deterrence Curriculum  \nHighlights  \nGAO-25-107416  \nNUCLEAR ENTERPRISE  \nClearer Guidance Could Improve Joint Professional Military Education Nuclear Deterrence Curriculum  \nSeptember 2025  \nA report to congressional committees.  \nFor more information, contact: [Joseph W. Kirschbaum at](Joseph W. Kirschbaum at Kirschbaumj@gao.gov)[ Kirschbaumj@gao.gov](Joseph W. Kirschbaum at Kirschbaumj@gao.gov).  \n\n| What GAO Found\u003Cbr>All 23 Joint Professional Military Education (JPME) programs GAO surveyed reported that they include varying degrees of nuclear deterrence content in their intermediate-and senior-level curricula, including incorporating mandatory topics identified in JPME guidance. However, the Department of Defense (DOD) has not explicitly defined nuclear deterrence in the guidance to help JPME programs develop nuclear deterrence content. Including an explicit definition of nuclear deterrence in the guidance could help JPME program officials facilitate a shared understanding of the concept, which would better prepare JPME students for joint assignments related to nuclear deterrence missions. |  |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| Selected Defense Schools’Core Courses at the Intermediate-and Senior-Levels with Nuclear Deterrence Content |  |  |\n| College or university | Number of core courses | Number of core courses with nuclear deterrence content |\n| National Defense University | 37 | 12 |\n| National Defense University-Joint Forces Staff College | 10 | 7 |\n| National Intelligence University | 5 | 1 |\n| Army Command and General Staff College | 17 | 5 |\n| Army War College | 29 | 6 |\n| Naval War College | 10 | 4 |\n| Air University | 30 | 19 |\n| Marine Corps University | 28 | 9 |\n| Space Force-Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies | 13 | 8 |\n\nGAO analysis of DOD information provided in response to GAO survey. | GAO-25-107416  \nIn response to DOD requirements, JPME programs have begun developing learning outcomes and objectives for their JPME curricula that include a focus on nuclear topics, such as nuclear deterrence. However, GAO found the time frame for the JPME programs to implement DOD’s outcomes-based military education system is unclear, and the military services had varying understandings of the required time frame for implementation ranging from 2027 to 2029. Setting a specific time frame for full implementation of its outcomes-based military education system could help DOD implement the effort and meet the educational needs of the joint force for contemporary nuclear deterrence.  \nWhy GAO Did This Study  \nThe 2022 Nuclear Posture Review emphasizes the importance of supporting the professional development of service members working in and supporting the nuclear field. Additionally, DOD has recently shifted from a topics-based approach to an outcomes-based approach to monitor and assess student learning for key topics covered in JPME curricula, including nuclear deterrence.  \nA Senate Armed Services Committee report accompanying a bill for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 included a provision for GAO to assess DOD’s JPME system, including the curriculum involving nuclear deterrence. GAO evaluated, among other things, the extent that JPME programs have 1) included nuclear deterrence content in JPME, and 2) developed learning outcomes that include nuclear deterrence.  \nFor this report, GAO reviewed JPME programs’ curricula and conducted a web-based survey of the education institutions that manage the 23  \nintermediate-and senior-level JPME programs. GAO also reviewed policy, guidance, and other documents, and interviewed cognizant officials.  \nWhat GAO Recommends  \nGAO is making three recommendations to DOD, including update guidance to explicitly define nuclear deterrence and t","cbCaiiYiDQ0oogYr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiiYiDQ0oogYr","pdf",6498266,57,"English","# Letter\n## Background\n## DOD Includes Nuclear Deterrence Content in Its Guidance for JPME Curricula\n## JPME Programs Include Nuclear Deterrence Content in Curricula, but Key Terms Are Not Defined\n## JPME Programs Have Begun Developing Nuclear Deterrence Learning Outcomes but the Implementation Time Frame Is Unclear\n## Conclusions\n## Recommendations for Executive Action Agency Comments and Our Evaluation\n# Appendix I\n## Survey Administered to Colleges and Universities with Joint Professional Military Education Programs\n# Appendix II\n## Objectives, Scope, and Methodology\n# Appendix III\n## Prior GAO Recommendations Related to Professional Military Education\n# Appendix IV\n## Comments from the Department of Defense\n# Appendix V\n## GAO Contacts and Staff Acknowledgments","[{\"question\":\"What did GAO find about nuclear deterrence content in JPME curricula?\",\"answer\":\"All 23 surveyed JPME programs include varying degrees of nuclear deterrence content in intermediate- and senior-level curricula, including mandatory topics identified in JPME guidance.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does GAO say guidance needs improvement for nuclear deterrence?\",\"answer\":\"GAO found DOD has not explicitly defined nuclear deterrence in the guidance, which could limit JPME program officials’ ability to develop content with a shared understanding of the concept.\"},{\"question\":\"What recommendations does GAO make to DOD?\",\"answer\":\"GAO makes three recommendations: update guidance to explicitly define nuclear deterrence and set a specific time frame for full implementation of outcomes-based military education.\"}]","Nuclear Enterprise - GAO-25-107416 - Clearer Guidance Could Improve Joint Professional Military Education Nuclear Deterrence Curriculum | PDF",1792063334,144]