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The condensation time was evaluated as a parameter defining the synthesis completion, and resin foaming during heat treatment was attributed to oxalic acid presence. The maximal oxalic-acid content preventing foaming was determined, and the study developed a process targeting melting point 88–95°C, gelation time 70–95 s, volatile content ≤5.5 wt%, and free phenol content ≤5.5 wt%.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/novolak-resin-for-molding-compositions-optimization-of-synthesis-parameters/322695/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/novolak-resin-for-molding-compositions-optimization-of-synthesis-parameters/322695.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Asher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What catalyst and optimization variables were used for novolak phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Oxalic acid was used as a catalyst, and the molar ratio of substrates and the catalyst concentration were optimized. Condensation time was also studied as a parameter defining synthesis completion.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why does the resin foam during heat treatment, and how was this addressed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Foaming during heat treatment was linked to the presence of oxalic acid in the resin. The study determined the maximum oxalic-acid content at which foaming does not occur.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which resin properties were targeted and how were they measured?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The process aimed for melting point 88–95°C, gelation time 70–95 s, volatile content ≤5.5 wt%, and free phenol content ≤5.5 wt%. Melting point was determined instrumentally, volatile content by relative mass loss at 180°C, free phenol by chromatographic analysis, and oxalic acid by conductometry.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},322695,1790637096,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687197207639,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Majchrzak,Jerzy.  \nNovolak resin for molding compositions /byJerzy Majchrzak and others.  \nll p.  \nPrzem.Chem.61(9):325-327(1982).  \nFiled:  TRANSLATION NO.4393.  \nPRCHAB  \nPRCH  \nLeu Wn  \nJerzy Majchrzak,Marian Gryta,Bronislaw Kaledkowski and LeonStudencki*:Novolak Resin for Molding Compositions**[2ywica nowolakowa do produkcji tYoczyw]Przem.Chem.61(9),1982,325-327  \n*Blachownia Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis,Kedzierzyn-Kozle**Received December 8,1981  \n# NOVOLAK RESIN FOR MOLDING COMPOSITIONS\n\nStudies were carried out on synthesis of novolak  \nphenol-formaldehyde resin.  Oxalic acid was used as catalyst.The molar ratio of substrates and the catalyst concentrationwere optimized.  The limited suitability of condensation timeas a parameter that dictates the moment of conclusion ofsynthesis was established.It was demonstrated that thereason for foaming of the resin during heat treatment isthe presence of oxalic acid in the resin.  Its maximumcontent at which this phenomenon does not occur was determined.  \nPhenolic resins,known as novolaks,obtained by  \ncondensation of phenol with formaldehyde in an acid medium,are now used primarily for production of molding compositions.The level of consumption of novolak resins for this purpose isfairly stable and amounts to 17-18%of the world production ofphenolic plastics [1].  \nNovolak synthesis is run in two stages.  Hydroxymethylderivatives form in the first stage and these react in thesecond stage with phenol,forming a low molecular resin  \nconsisting of isomers o,o¹-,p,p¹-and o,p-dihydroxydiphenylmethanes.The o,o¹-isomer forms in the largest amounts and in the presenceof molecules of phenol and formaldehyde in the reaction medium itthen condenses,forming the linear polycondensate characteristicof novolak [2].  The final composition of the resin depends onthe condensation conditions,especially on the pH range of the  \nPage 2  \nreaction medium,dictated by the type of catalyst.  The mostsuitable catalyst from a processing standpoint is hydrochloricacid in whose presence the o,o¹-isomers form primarily,lengthening the gelation time of the resin [3]。  However,itis of limited use owing to its highly corrosive properties.Organic acids such as oxalic acid [4]are also used as  \ncatalysts.  The purpose of the study was to develop a processfor producing a novolak phenolic resin with the followingproperties:  melting point 88-95℃,gelation time 70-95 s,volatile content maximum 5.5%by weight,free phenol contentmaximum 5.5%by weight.  \nThe obtained resin should be clear and bright in color.  \nThat portion of the study pertaining primarily to  \noptimization of the resin synthesis parameters represents thesubject of the present article.  \n# Experimental part\n\nRaw_materials  \nIn our studies we used:  \n-phenol (grade SA-I)produced at MZRiP in Plock,  \n-commerical formalin containing 36.5 wt formaldehydeand 5 wt methanol,produced by the Kedzierzyn NitrogenPlants in Kedzierzyn-Kozle,  \n-pure oxalic acid produced by the nitrogen plants inChorzow.  \n# Synthesis_of_the_resin\n\nThe following were introduced to the reactor:  moltenphenol,formalin and a 15%aqueous solution of oxalic acid.  \nPage 3  \nThe temperature of the reaction mixture was raised evenly toboiling over 1 hour.  Subsequent condensation at this temperaturewas carried out in a time defined by the experimental plan.The organic phase was dehydrated and subjected to heat treatmentunder a pressure of 200 hPa at a temperature of 80-140℃.  Uponconclusion of the process the resin was poured into molds andcooled to room temperature.  \n# Determination_of_properties_of_the_resin\n\nThe melting point was determined by means of a Boetiusmicrostage [5,6].  \nThe curing rate of the resin was determined at a tenperatureof 150℃ with addition of 10 wt of urotropin [7].  \nThe volatile content was defined as the relative weightloss of the resin kept for l hour at a temperature of 180℃.The refractive index of the organic phase was determinedwith an Abbe refractome","cbCaioyEtAINCqTD","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioyEtAINCqTD","pdf",1295909,18,"English","# Novolak resin for molding compositions\n## Experimental part\n## Synthesis of the resin\n## Determination of properties of the resin\n## Experimental design","[{\"question\":\"What catalyst and optimization variables were used for novolak phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis?\",\"answer\":\"Oxalic acid was used as a catalyst, and the molar ratio of substrates and the catalyst concentration were optimized. Condensation time was also studied as a parameter defining synthesis completion.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the resin foam during heat treatment, and how was this addressed?\",\"answer\":\"Foaming during heat treatment was linked to the presence of oxalic acid in the resin. The study determined the maximum oxalic-acid content at which foaming does not occur.\"},{\"question\":\"Which resin properties were targeted and how were they measured?\",\"answer\":\"The process aimed for melting point 88–95°C, gelation time 70–95 s, volatile content ≤5.5 wt%, and free phenol content ≤5.5 wt%. Melting point was determined instrumentally, volatile content by relative mass loss at 180°C, free phenol by chromatographic analysis, and oxalic acid by conductometry.\"}]","NOVOLAK RESIN FOR MOLDING COMPOSITIONS - Optimization of synthesis parameters | PDF",1789963338,45]