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Novel Therapeutic Targets in Cancers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14660. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914660](doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914660)  \nReceived: 20 September 2023  \nAccepted: 25 September 2023  \nPublished: 28 September 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nInstitute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Area della Ricerca di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; elena.levantini@itb.cnr.it  \nCancer cells can arise in any organ of the body, and their cells of origin vary depending on the tissue type. In addition, any single tumor, independently of its location of origin, isnot homogeneous itself, rather consisting of cells with diverse biological traits. To make matters worse, patients with the same diagnosis may have different molecular profiles of their tumor. Such heterogeneity poses a challenge for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cancer, as it makes the tumor more adaptable, aggressive, and resistant.  \nIn the last decades we have developed novel precision-oncology protocols that are starting to be adopted in routine clinical practice. However, despite major advances, the dream of converting solid tumors into a chronic disease is still unfulfilled, and long-term remission eludes us. Some of the current challenges in oncology deal with: (i) Identifying the molecular profile of each patient's tumor and tailoring the therapeutic approach, rather than using a one-size-fits-all approach; (ii) Exploiting the tumor microenvironment (TME), the most tumor-intermingled organ that lives symbiotic to cancer cells [1], in order to enhance drug delivery and efficacy of treatment; (iii) Harnessing the power of immunotherapy to activate the body's own defense system against cancer; (iv) Identifying new biomarkers and diagnostic tools to monitor treatment response and predict prognosis; (v) Combining different modalities of therapy to achieve synergistic outcomes, optimize benefits and minimize side effects.  \nThis Special Issue (which was so well received that we also launched a 2.0 version) explored the latest advances in precision-oncology for solid tumors to tailor personalized and effective strategies for oncology patients by exploiting cancer cell vulnerabilities. This scientific anthology highlights the importance of understanding tumor heterogeneity, evolution, and recurrence, as well as developing novel therapeutic strategies. These strategies encompass addressing how RNA molecules, proteins, vesicles, and channels can modulate cancer progression and dissemination. They also cover how these components can be targeted or manipulated to bypass cancer cell's growth and drug resistance by adopting different modalities, such as immunotherapy, metabolic inhibition, targeted therapy, epigenetic modification, and RNA regulation/modulation. The 15 papers in this collection offer a valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential of these emerging approaches in cancer treatment.  \nWhat if there was a way to target the most aggressive cancer cells that have the potential to spread to other organs? Suzuki et al. [2], developed a new monoclonal antibody (C 44Mab-6) that can specifically detect CD44v3, a variant of CD44, a protein that facilitates tumor progression and dissemination by enhancing its stemness, invasiveness, and drug resistance. CD44v3 is expressed in various types of cancer, such as oral squamous and head and neck carcinomas, breast, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer. They discuss the potential of C44Mab-6 for novel therapeutic modalities, such as ne","cbCaiat5zVKG5nNr","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiat5zVKG5nNr","pdf",201917,"English","# Editorial\n## Precision-oncology challenges and goals\n## Tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy\n## Featured therapeutic strategies\n## CAR T-cell approaches: opportunities and limitations","[{\"question\":\"Why is tumor heterogeneity a major challenge in cancer diagnosis and treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer cells originate from different tissues and even individual tumors are not homogeneous. Patients with the same diagnosis can also have different molecular profiles, making tumors more adaptable and resistant.\"},{\"question\":\"What key challenges in oncology does the editorial highlight?\",\"answer\":\"It emphasizes identifying each patient’s tumor molecular profile, exploiting the tumor microenvironment for improved drug delivery, advancing immunotherapy, developing new biomarkers and diagnostic tools, and combining therapies for synergistic effects.\"},{\"question\":\"How does targeting CD44v3 relate to novel cancer treatment strategies?\",\"answer\":\"The editorial describes a monoclonal antibody (C44Mab-6) that detects CD44v3, a variant linked to tumor progression and drug resistance. It discusses potential therapies such as near-infrared photo-immunotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy aimed at CD44v3-expressing cancer cells.\"}]","Novel Therapeutic Targets in Cancers - Editorial | PDF",15]