[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-603397-105":59,"doc-detail-603397-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","not-the-bus-but-us-george-w-bush-and-school-desegregation","“Not the Bus, But Us” - George W. Bush and School Desegregation","","The article traces U.S. school desegregation policy from early Supreme Court decisions through successive presidential approaches, culminating in the initial efforts of President George W. Bush. It discusses the shift from court-ordered busing controversies to the No Child Left Behind Act, while evaluating whether improved intentions translated into sustained progress. Despite historical changes, the analysis concludes that public schools continued to divide by race and class, echoing earlier failures to overcome racial segregation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/not-the-bus-but-us-george-w-bush-and-school-desegregation/603397/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/not-the-bus-but-us-george-w-bush-and-school-desegregation/603397.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"moss~","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-16","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What central claim does the article make about the Bush presidency?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that early results show Bush, despite good intentions, could not overcome the nation’s difficult history of racial segregation in public schools.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the article connect the busing debate to the No Child Left Behind Act?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It contrasts busing-era efforts with the Act’s federal funding and state testing, noting that the law still effectively targeted the same “us” largely defined by minority disadvantage.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board decision require, and how was it enforced first?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Brown repudiated de jure school segregation, and enforcement initially fell to Eisenhower, who dispatched federal troops to enforce desegregation and established civil rights agencies through related acts.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},603397,1792119242,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":36},962090895452,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","“Not the Bus, But Us”:  \nGeorge W. Bush and School Desegregation  \nBy Larry McAndrews  \nLarry McAndrews is a professor in the Department of History at St. Norbert College, De Pere, Wisconsin.  \nIn 1982 civil rights activist Rev. Jesse Jackson criticized President Ronald Reagan’s attacks on busing to coerce school desegregation for targeting “not the bus, but us”(Wolters, 1996) . Two decades later, the United States Supreme Court ended the thirty-two-year-old Charlotte, North Carolina, plan which had launched the era of court-ordered busing (Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools) . The same year, President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act, which authorized federal funding and state testing of the nation’s public school students. In lieu of busing, this law was also targeting“us,”the largely minority underclass for whom Jackson purported to speak in 1982 . Yet this time the Republican president was not implicitly assaulting minorities; he was seeking to aid them. Despite this significant change in policy, however, one outcome remained the same: public schools increasingly divided by race and class.  \nThis article will provide a brief history of the school desegregation policies of Presidents Dwight Eisenhower through Bill Clinton, based on secondary and primary  \nsources, then examine the initial school desegregation efforts of President George W. Bush, based largely on contemporary primary sources. It argues that the early returns on the Bush Presidency show that despite his genuinely good intentions, President Bush, like his predecessors, has been unable to overcome this difficult history of racial segregation in the nation’s public schools.  \nGeorge W. Bush would become the first Republican president to fight a “war on poverty,” yet only the latest president of either party to struggle in the battle for school desegregation. In many ways, for a variety of reasons, this battle was over before it began.  \nThe History of Presidents and School Desegregation  \nEachpresident in the five decadespreceding Bush fought school segregation inhis own way. Dwight Eisenhower and John Kennedy acted belatedly yet forcefully while Lyndon Johnson moved quickly yet ineffectively against de jure school segregation. Richard Nixon virtually eliminated de jure school segregation, but accepted de facto separation. Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter, like Nixon, denounced busing to coerce school desegregation, but did little to stop it. Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush spoke and acted so firmly against court-ordered busing that Bill Clinton, who also opposed compulsory school desegregation, wouldn’t even have to mention it.  \nOn May 17, 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court unanimously repudiated de jure school segregation. The enforcement of this decision fell first to Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower, who disagreed with the ruling as a violation of states’ rights and an invitation to the massive resistance which followed (Roark, 2002) . Eisenhower much preferred the second Brown v. Board of Education decision a year later, which permitted Southern state governments to desegregate their public schools “with all deliberate speed.”  \nEisenhower nonetheless dispatched federal troops to enforce Brown at Central High School in Little Rock,Arkansas in 1957, desegregated the nation’s capital and military bases, and established federal civil rights agencies through the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 . When he left office in 1961, however, only 0 .2 percent of Black children in the Deep South attended desegregated schools (Burk, 1984) .  \nAfter two and one-half years of failing to enact federal aid to elementary and secondary education, in part because of the opposition of Southern conservatives to funding desegregated schools and resistance by Northern liberals to funding segregated schools, Democratic President John F. Kennedy in June 1963 finally opted to separate education from civil rights in proposing ","cbCaiuRFAl8Ersfz","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuRFAl8Ersfz","pdf",90420,16,"English","# The Argument and Policy Shift\n## Bush’s Intentions and Persistent Outcomes\n# The History of Presidents and School Desegregation\n## Brown v. Board and Eisenhower’s Enforcement\n## Kennedy, Johnson, and Federal Civil Rights Law\n## ESEA and Limited Desegregation Results\n## Nixon, Swann, and Milliken","[{\"question\":\"What central claim does the article make about the Bush presidency?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that early results show Bush, despite good intentions, could not overcome the nation’s difficult history of racial segregation in public schools.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article connect the busing debate to the No Child Left Behind Act?\",\"answer\":\"It contrasts busing-era efforts with the Act’s federal funding and state testing, noting that the law still effectively targeted the same “us” largely defined by minority disadvantage.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the Supreme Court’s Brown v. Board decision require, and how was it enforced first?\",\"answer\":\"Brown repudiated de jure school segregation, and enforcement initially fell to Eisenhower, who dispatched federal troops to enforce desegregation and established civil rights agencies through related acts.\"}]","“Not the Bus, But Us” - George W. Bush and School Desegregation | PDF",1792096180]