[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-109360-en":3,"doc-seo-109360-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},109360,4398048949847,"Eliana","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/400002536579ef2da7f?_k=1778318612642679267",8,"Research & Report","North Macedonia - Country Climate and Development Report - Executive Summary - climate ambition and resilience","North Macedonia faces high environmental and health costs despite progress in income convergence and poverty reduction. Energy and carbon intensity remain above the EU average, while air pollution is severe, particularly in Skopje and other urban areas near thermal power plants. The country is exposed to climate and natural hazards such as floods, heat-related stress, drought, wildfires, and worsening water access, with estimated disaster losses totaling US$667 million over 20 years. Institutional capacity is improving but climate adaptation legislation and coordination need strengthening. Action requires major adaptation investment (US$6.4 billion over the next decade) to generate avoided losses, economic gains, and social and environmental co-benefits.","Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized  \nEUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA  \nEXECUTIVE SUMMARY NORTH MACEDONIA  \nWorld Bank Group  \nOctober 2024  \nExecutive Summary  \nNorth Macedonia is an upper-middle-income country that aspires to join the European Union (EU), but its sustained growth has been achieved at high environmental and health costs. North Macedonia has been converging with the EU in terms of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita (from 34 percent of the EU- 27 average at purchasing power parity (PPP) in 2009 to 41.5 percent in 2021) and poverty has decreased. However, the country’s energy and carbon intensities remain higher than the EU-27 average; air pollution is a major issue, especially in the capital Skopje and other urban areas, including those in proximity to thermal power plants. North Macedonia is a hotspot for both slow-onset and sudden climate and natural hazards, including floods, heat-related stressors, and intensified wildfire risks.  \nExternal drivers and international commitments shape North Macedonia’s climate change policies, but further progress is needed to step up the country’s climate ambition level, as well as implementation capacity. The country is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. Despite recent progress (for example, the draft Law on Climate Action), North Macedonia still lacks a comprehensive legislative framework for climate adaptation and resilience. As a contracting party to the Energy Community Treaty, North Macedonia has committed to harmonizing its energy and climate legislation with the EU acquis.1 The country has expressed its intention to act to achieve a carbon-neutral continent together with the EU by 2050, but it has not set a net zero target yet. The World Bank’s Climate Change Institutional Assessment (CCIA) highlights the fact that North Macedonia’s institutional maturity for climate action is improving, but efforts are needed to strengthen institutional capacity and coordination mechanisms across the relevant ministries and agencies. Additionally, human capital in North Macedonia will be critical to enable climate action, such as by ensuring that the labor force is able to respond to the changing demand for skills brought about by the green transition. Human capital needs significant investments, given declining learning outcomes, as well as high rates of unemployment and persistent inequalities.  \nNorth Macedonia is exposed to several natural and climate-related hazards, and the potential costs of inaction are high. The country has a long history of devastating floods, and the future will bring more unpredictable, high-intensity extreme weather events (for example, in the form of torrential rains and heat waves) . Recent decades have been characterized by a surge in heat-related stressors—heightened temperatures, droughts, and intensified wildfire risks—all of which threaten to undermine the nation’s stability and productivity. Climate change also worsens access to fresh water, which, in turn, increases water-borne diseases. Extreme temperatures in North Macedonia increase morbidity and mortality. Losses from disastersand extreme climate events have totaled an estimated US$667 million over the past 20 years. Moreover, the effects of natural hazards compound and cascade, increasing overall risk for already vulnerable sectors, especially agriculture. Small family farms dominate the sector and are especially vulnerable to droughts and hail because they are seldom covered by national irrigation systems or hail protection, do not use drip irrigation or ultraviolet nets, and lack agriculture insurance. Thus, extreme weather adversely affects yields and associated family incomes. The effects of climate-related shocks tend to be localized and worsen existing socioeconomic vulnerabilities, as rural, municipalities with declining populations an","cbCaitX8pbz3xR9E","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitX8pbz3xR9E","pdf",710896,5,1,7,"English","en",105,"# Executive Summary\n## Climate trends and risks\n## Policy drivers and implementation gaps\n## Natural hazards and socioeconomic impacts\n## Costs and benefits of action","[{\"question\":\"What major climate and environmental challenges does North Macedonia face?\",\"answer\":\"Energy and carbon intensity remain higher than the EU average, and air pollution is a major problem, especially in Skopje and nearby urban areas. The country also faces intensified floods, heat-related stress, wildfire risks, drought, and reduced access to fresh water.\"},{\"question\":\"Which policy and institutional areas need further progress?\",\"answer\":\"While international commitments shape policy, North Macedonia still lacks a comprehensive legislative framework for climate adaptation and resilience. The report also notes the need to strengthen institutional capacity and coordination across relevant ministries and agencies, and to prepare human capital for the green transition.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report estimate the costs and benefits of climate adaptation investments?\",\"answer\":\"Adaptation would require US$6.4 billion (in 2020 dollars, undiscounted) over the next decade to protect people and property. The investments are expected to deliver a “Triple-A Dividend” by avoiding losses, accelerating economic potential, and amplifying social and environmental co-benefits.\"}]","North Macedonia - Country Climate and Development Report - Executive Summary - climate ambition and resilience | PDF",1784479011,18,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"north-macedonia-country-climate-and-development-report-executive-summary-climate-ambition-and-resilience","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/north-macedonia-country-climate-and-development-report-executive-summary-climate-ambition-and-resilience/109360/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"What major climate and environmental challenges does North Macedonia face?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"Energy and carbon intensity remain higher than the EU average, and air pollution is a major problem, especially in Skopje and nearby urban areas. The country also faces intensified floods, heat-related stress, wildfire risks, drought, and reduced access to fresh water.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"Which policy and institutional areas need further progress?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"While international commitments shape policy, North Macedonia still lacks a comprehensive legislative framework for climate adaptation and resilience. The report also notes the need to strengthen institutional capacity and coordination across relevant ministries and agencies, and to prepare human capital for the green transition.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"How does the report estimate the costs and benefits of climate adaptation investments?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"Adaptation would require US$6.4 billion (in 2020 dollars, undiscounted) over the next decade to protect people and property. The investments are expected to deliver a “Triple-A Dividend” by avoiding losses, accelerating economic potential, and amplifying social and environmental co-benefits.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":89,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":60,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":91,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":94},[95,99,103,107,111,116,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":108,"show_sort_weight":109,"slug":110},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":112,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":115},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]