[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-460735-105":59,"doc-detail-460735-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","noninvasive-subterahertz-glucose-monitoring-using-a-communication-inspired-eye-diagram","Noninvasive subterahertz glucose monitoring using a communication inspired eye diagram","","Diabetes prevalence continues to rise, increasing the need for noninvasive, painless continuous blood glucose monitoring. This work reports a sub-THz GlucoEye method that extracts glucose-related information by analyzing distortions in the modulation pattern of sub-THz carrier signals reflected from the fingertip, driven by hydration water relaxation time variations around glucose molecules. Multivariate regression maps eye-diagram performance parameters to venous blood glucose, achieving strong linear correlation (R2=0.98). Results during a mixed meal tolerance test show strong agreement, with 100% of readings falling in Zones A and B by Clarke’s error grid analysis, supporting future real-time DM management and biomarker sensing in 6G integrated systems.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/noninvasive-subterahertz-glucose-monitoring-using-a-communication-inspired-eye-diagram/460735/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/noninvasive-subterahertz-glucose-monitoring-using-a-communication-inspired-eye-diagram/460735.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"River Wang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the core principle behind the sub-THz GlucoEye method?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"It detects glucose-related information by measuring distortions in the modulation pattern of sub-THz carrier signals reflected from the fingertip. The distortions arise from changes in hydration water relaxation time caused by glucose dynamics.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How are the eye-diagram features converted into glucose concentration estimates?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Three-dimensional eye diagram performance parameters are used in multivariate regression analysis. This maps modulation-pattern variations to venous blood glucose concentrations.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How was the system’s accuracy evaluated in the described study?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Accuracy was assessed against venous blood glucose using linear correlation metrics and Clarke’s error grid analysis. During a mixed meal tolerance test, 100% of glucose readings fell within Zones A and B.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},460735,1790825433,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067438,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539ee87300030?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780474512215547542","[www. nature.com/scientificreports](www. nature.com/scientificreports)  \nOPEN  \nNoninvasive subterahertz glucose monitoring using a communication inspired eye diagram  \nWonkyoung Lee1,3􀀍, Eon Sang Kim1, Sooyeon Kim1, Heuk Park1, Joon Ki Lee1, Eunkyeong Baek2, Chang Hee Jung2,3􀀍 & Seung-Hyun Cho1  \nThe global prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to rise, highlighting the need for noninvasive, painless continuous blood glucose monitoring to support disease management and reduce long-term complications. Here, we report noninvasive subterahertz (sub-THz) glucose monitoring using communication-inspired eye diagram (sub-THz GlucoEye). The method detects distortion in the modulation pattern of sub-THz carrier signals reflected from the fingertip, resulting from relaxation time variations in the hydration water surrounding glucose molecules. These distortions are analyzed using multivariate regression analysis, based on variations in the modulation pattern’s performance parameters represented in the three-dimensional eye diagram. Compared to conventional THz spectroscopy, which only measures THz radiation absorption, the sub-THz GlucoEye system shows enhanced linear correlation (R2 = 0.98) between glucose-dependent features from modulation pattern changes and venous blood glucose concentrations. Results indicate strong consistency between glucose dynamics in venous blood and those atthe fingertip during the mixed meal tolerance test, validated by 100% of glucose readings falling within Zones A and B based on Clarke’s error grid analysis. This approach offers opportunities for real-time DM management and biomarker detection in future 6G integrated sensing and communication. Registry: Clinical Research  \nInformation Service, TRN: KCT0008820, Registration date: 17 June 2023.  \nAccording to the 2021 International Diabetes Federation report, 537 million people worldwide have diabetes, representing 10.5% of the global population and $966 billion in healthcare expenditures1,2. The World Health Organization has designated World Diabetes Day to raise awareness and promote actions for improved prevention, diagnosis, and management3. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia from insufficient insulin production or impaired insulin response4. Type 1 diabetes involves autoimmune cell destruction leading to insulin deficiency, whereas type 2 diabetes, the most common form, involves insulin resistance and impaired secretion. Diabetes can cause premature death and complications, including heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney failure, and amputation5. Early diagnosis is crucial for disease management and quality of life, with diagnostic services being essential in primary healthcare. Managing blood glucose through healthy lifestyle changes is essential for preventing complications6. Precise glucose monitoring is vital for prevention, diagnosis, and management, requiring a simple and sensitive method for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) .  \nConventional blood glucose monitoring (BGM) methods rely on electroenzymatic reactions, which require finger pricks to obtain blood samples for test strips7. The glucose oxidase enzyme catalyzes a reaction in which the oxygen decrease and hydrogen peroxide production are proportional to the glucose concentration8. However, this approach to BGM still faces several technical limitations in clinical applications, including discomfort, infection risk, enzyme degradation, and time constraints9, although BGM remains essential for insulin and noninsulin treatments10. Implantable subcutaneous sensors enable continuous BGM (CBGM) as minimally invasive alternatives11. In recent years, the use of CBGM has expanded significantly, driven by ongoing advancements in sensor accuracy, wear duration, and device miniaturization12. However, current CBGM systems require sensor insertion into the subcutaneous tissue every 10 to 14 days and periodic calibration with BGM by the ","cbCaieVebjxdZOE1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaieVebjxdZOE1","pdf",3790140,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Motivation for noninvasive continuous glucose monitoring\n## Limitations of conventional and continuous methods\n## Rationale for sub-THz approaches\n# Proposed method: sub-THz GlucoEye\n## Communication-inspired eye diagram analysis\n## Multivariate regression from eye-diagram parameters\n# Results and validation\n## Correlation with venous blood glucose\n## Clarke’s error grid assessment\n# Clinical and future implications","[{\"question\":\"What is the core principle behind the sub-THz GlucoEye method?\",\"answer\":\"It detects glucose-related information by measuring distortions in the modulation pattern of sub-THz carrier signals reflected from the fingertip. The distortions arise from changes in hydration water relaxation time caused by glucose dynamics.\"},{\"question\":\"How are the eye-diagram features converted into glucose concentration estimates?\",\"answer\":\"Three-dimensional eye diagram performance parameters are used in multivariate regression analysis. This maps modulation-pattern variations to venous blood glucose concentrations.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the system’s accuracy evaluated in the described study?\",\"answer\":\"Accuracy was assessed against venous blood glucose using linear correlation metrics and Clarke’s error grid analysis. During a mixed meal tolerance test, 100% of glucose readings fell within Zones A and B.\"}]","Noninvasive subterahertz glucose monitoring using a communication inspired eye diagram | PDF",1790759338,45]