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Cardiovascular disease is still the leading cause of mortality among recipients, driven by both common risk factors and transplant-specific, non-traditional contributors in the post-transplant setting. This review examines transplant-related risks such as allograft dysfunction and acute rejection, and outlines cardiovascular consequences of immunosuppressive therapy, including links to opportunistic infections like cytomegalovirus, with notes for special recipient populations.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/non-traditional-cardiovascular-risk-factors-after-kidney-transplantation/406655/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/non-traditional-cardiovascular-risk-factors-after-kidney-transplantation/406655.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Elsa","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the main cardiovascular concern after kidney transplantation?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality among kidney transplant recipients, despite improved survival and quality of life overall.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"Which traditional cardiovascular risk factors are common in kidney transplant recipients?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia (including high cholesterol and LDL), and tobacco use are prevalent among recipients and can be amplified in the transplant setting.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What non-traditional or transplant-related cardiovascular risks are discussed in the review?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review focuses on transplant-specific factors such as allograft dysfunction and acute rejection episodes, as well as cardiovascular implications of immunosuppressive therapy and related opportunistic infections like cytomegalovirus.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},406655,1790986477,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":46,"preview_page_count":4},137455077381,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","| W | J | N | World Journal of\u003Cbr>Nephrology |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n\nSubmit a Manuscript: [https://www.f6publishing.com](https://www.f6publishing.com) World J Nephrol 2025 December 25; 14(4): 110896  \nDOI: 10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110896 ISSN 2220-6124 (online)  \nMINIREVIEWS  \nNon-traditional cardiovascular risk factors after kidney transplantation  \nAmer Ashaab Belal, Alfonso H Santos Jr, Amir Kazory  \nSpecialty type: Transplantation  \nProvenance and peer review:  \nInvited article; Externally peer reviewed.  \nPeer-review model: Single blind  \nPeer-review report’s classification Scientific Quality: Grade B, Grade B  \nNovelty: Grade B, Grade B  \nCreativity or Innovation: Grade B, Grade B  \nScientific Significance: Grade A, Grade B  \nP-Reviewer: Yuan Z, PhD, Assistant Professor, China  \nReceived: June 18, 2025  \nRevised: July 7, 2025  \nAccepted: October 11, 2025  \nPublished online: December 25, 2025  \nProcessing time: 188 Days and 16.5 Hours  \nAmer Ashaab Belal, Alfonso H Santos Jr, Amir Kazory, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States  \nCorresponding author: Amer Ashaab Belal, MD, Assistant Professor, FASN, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Room CG-98, Communicore Building, Gainesville, FL 32610, [United States.](United States. abelal@ufl.edu)[ abelal@ufl.edu](United States. abelal@ufl.edu)  \nAbstract  \nKidney transplantation remains the best treatment option for patients with endstage kidney disease, offering superior outcomes and improved quality of life. However, as in the general population, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality among kidney transplant recipients. While traditional cardiovascular risk factors—such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and tobacco use—are prevalent in this population, they are often compounded by transplant-specific and non-traditional risk factors unique to the post-transplant setting. This review aims to explore these non-traditional and transplant-related cardiovascular risk factors, including allograft dysfunction and acute rejection episodes. Moreover, we will provide an overview of the cardiovascular implications of immunosuppressive therapy, including its association with opportunistic infections such as cytomegalovirus. Finally, we will touch upon considerations for special populations of kidney transplant recipients based on our current understanding of these non-traditional cardiovascular risks with the currently available data.  \nKey Words: Kidney transplantation; Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors; Immunosuppression; Acute rejection; Cytomegalovirus  \n©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.  \n WJN  [https://www.wjgnet.com](https://www.wjgnet.com) 1 December 25, 2025  Volume 14  Issue 4   \nBelal AA et al. Post-kidney transplant cardiovascular risk factors  \nCore Tip: Kidney transplantation offers improved quality of life and survival advantages in addition to a reduced cardiovascular disease risk overall compared to remaining on long-term dialysis. However, kidney transplant recipients continue to experience a higher risk of adverse cardiovascular disease outcomes compared to the general population, with many of these risk factors worsened by and specific to their transplant.  \nCitation: Belal AA, Santos Jr AH, Kazory A. Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors after kidney transplantation. World JNephrol 2025; 14(4): 110896  \nURL: [https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i4/110896.htm](https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-6124/full/v14/i4/110896.htm)  \nDOI: [https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110896](https://dx.doi.org/10.5527/wjn.v14.i4.110896)  \nINTRODUCTION  \nDespite advancements in kidney transplantation surgery and follow-up, cardiovascular death continues to be the most common cause of post-transpl","cbCaisllquht8snS","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisllquht8snS","pdf",867608,"English","# Introduction\n# Traditional cardiovascular risk factors","[{\"question\":\"What is the main cardiovascular concern after kidney transplantation?\",\"answer\":\"Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality among kidney transplant recipients, despite improved survival and quality of life overall.\"},{\"question\":\"Which traditional cardiovascular risk factors are common in kidney transplant recipients?\",\"answer\":\"Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia (including high cholesterol and LDL), and tobacco use are prevalent among recipients and can be amplified in the transplant setting.\"},{\"question\":\"What non-traditional or transplant-related cardiovascular risks are discussed in the review?\",\"answer\":\"The review focuses on transplant-specific factors such as allograft dysfunction and acute rejection episodes, as well as cardiovascular implications of immunosuppressive therapy and related opportunistic infections like cytomegalovirus.\"}]","Non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors after kidney transplantation | PDF",1790567018]