[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-367237-en":3,"doc-seo-367237-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":99},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},367237,13056703019404,"Miles","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",7,"Healthcare","Non-DRE Voided Urine Test to Diagnose Prostate Cancer - Updated Results","A noninvasive optical approach is evaluated for prostate cancer detection using non-DRE voided urine and targeting VPAC genomic receptors overexpressed on malignant prostate cells. Patients with histologically confirmed localized prostate cancer provided urine before radical prostatectomy; cells were processed, stained, and quantified with microscopy and fluorescence intensity measurement. Results show urine samples from prostate cancer patients shed malignant cells with increasing percentage and fluorescence correlated with Gleason grade severity. In BPH patients, assay specificity was 89.6% with NPV 100%.","Article  \nNon-DRE Voided Urine Test to Diagnose Prostate Cancer: Updated Results  \nPatrick T. Gomella 1, *, Joon Yau Leong 1, Leonard G. Gomella 1, Vivek S. Tomar 2, Hector Teran 2, Edouard J. Trabulsi 3 and Madhukar L. Thakur 4  \nAcademic Editor: Roberto Contieri  \nReceived: 30 December 2024  \nRevised: 9 February 2025  \nAccepted: 14 February 2025  \nPublished: 3 March 2025  \nCitation: Gomella, P.T.; Leong, J.Y.; Gomella, L.G.; Tomar, V.S.; Teran, H.; Trabulsi, E.J.; Thakur, M.L. Non-DRE Voided Urine Test to Diagnose Prostate Cancer: Updated Results. Diagnostics  \n2025, 15, 607. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/diagnostics15050607](10.3390/diagnostics15050607)  \n[Copyright:](Copyright:) © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; [jxl297@jefferson.edu](jxl297@jefferson.edu) (J.Y.L.); [leonard.gomella@jefferson.edu](leonard.gomella@jefferson.edu) (L.G.G.)  \n2 Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA;  \n[vxt148@jefferson.edu](vxt148@jefferson.edu) (V.S.T.); [hector.teran@jefferson.edu](hector.teran@jefferson.edu) (H.T.)  \n3 Jefferson Einstein Medical Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA; [edouard.trabulsi@jefferson.edu](edouard.trabulsi@jefferson.edu)  \n4 Department of Radiology, Radiation Oncology and Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; [madhukar.thakur@jefferson.edu](madhukar.thakur@jefferson.edu)  \n* [Correspondence: patrick.gomella@jefferson.edu](Correspondence: patrick.gomella@jefferson.edu)  \nAbstract: Background: The standard diagnostic approach for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis consists of serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examination (DRE) and image-guided targeted biopsies. Given the invasive nature, potential adverse events and costs associated with these techniques, alternative approaches have been investigated, specifically with serum and urine assays. The work presented here is intended to further validate a novel noninvasive optical technique for PCa detection, targeting the VPAC genomic receptors that are overexpressed on prostate cancer’s malignant cells (MC), in non-DRE voided urine. Methods: Patients (N = 62) who had image-guided biopsy and histologically confirmed localized PCa, and who were scheduled for radical prostatectomy, provided a non-DRE voided urine sample prior to surgery. Urine was cytocentrifuged and cells fixed on a glass slide, incubated with 0.5 µg TP4303 (a receptor-specific fluorophore developed in our laboratory with high affinity for VPAC), excess washed and treated with 4,6-diamidodino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) for nuclear staining. The field of cells on each slide was analyzed using a Zeiss AX10 Observer microscope (20×) . The total number of cells and MC were then counted, and the florescent intensity around each MC was measured using Zeiss software. Additionally, non-DRE voided urine samples collected from clinically determined BPH patients (N = 97), were also analyzed similarly. Results: Urine samples from 62 patients were processed and analyzed. Mean PSA levels by Gleason grade (GG) group were 6.5 ± 4.1 ng/mL for GG1 (N = 10), 7.2 ± 3.8 for GG2 (N = 31), 13.2 ± 14.6 for GG3 (N = 13), 6.2 ± 2.2 for GG4 (N = 2) and 50.2 ± 104.9 for GG5 (N = 6) . Like the PSA,% MC shed (66.7 ± 27.7) in voided urine and the fluorescent intensity (35.8 ± 5.7) were highest in patients with GG5 prostate cancer. All PCa patients in GG1 to GG5 shed MC in voided urine with increasing % of MC and increasing fluorescence intensity which correlated with the increasing GG for PCa. For BPH, the speci","cbCaikBYEr2a85Xe","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikBYEr2a85Xe","pdf",4947189,10,1,9,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n## Background, Methods, Results, and Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Clinical need for noninvasive prostate cancer diagnosis","[{\"question\":\"What is the goal of the non-DRE voided urine test described in the article?\",\"answer\":\"To detect prostate cancer using a noninvasive optical technique that targets VPAC genomic receptors in non-DRE voided urine.\"},{\"question\":\"How were urine samples processed and analyzed?\",\"answer\":\"Urine cells were cytocentrifuged onto glass slides, fixed, incubated with the TP4303 receptor-specific fluorophore, washed, and DAPI-stained. Cell counts and fluorescence intensity around malignant cells were measured by microscopy and Zeiss software.\"},{\"question\":\"What key performance findings were reported for BPH and prostate cancer patients?\",\"answer\":\"For BPH, specificity was 89.6% (95% CI 81.9–94.9%) and NPV was 100% (95.9% CI 95.9–100%). Prostate cancer patients shed malignant cells in urine with increasing percentage and fluorescence intensity correlated with higher Gleason grade groups.\"}]","Non-DRE Voided Urine Test to Diagnose Prostate Cancer - Updated Results | PDF",1790169844,23,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":93,"head_meta":95,"extra_data":97,"updated_unix":98},"non-dre-voided-urine-test-to-diagnose-prostate-cancer-updated-results","",{"@graph":37,"@context":92},[38,55,75],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/non-dre-voided-urine-test-to-diagnose-prostate-cancer-updated-results/367237/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"image":57,"author":62,"headline":13,"publisher":64,"fileFormat":67,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":68,"datePublished":69,"encodingFormat":67,"isAccessibleForFree":70,"interactionStatistic":71},"DigitalDocument",{"url":58,"@type":59,"width":60,"height":61},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/non-dre-voided-urine-test-to-diagnose-prostate-cancer-updated-results/367237.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":9,"@type":63},"Person",{"url":42,"name":65,"@type":66},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-28","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":72,"interactionType":73,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":74},"ViewAction",{"@type":76,"mainEntity":77},"FAQPage",[78,84,88],{"name":79,"@type":80,"acceptedAnswer":81},"What is the goal of the non-DRE voided urine test described in the article?","Question",{"text":82,"@type":83},"To detect prostate cancer using a noninvasive optical technique that targets VPAC genomic receptors in non-DRE voided urine.","Answer",{"name":85,"@type":80,"acceptedAnswer":86},"How were urine samples processed and analyzed?",{"text":87,"@type":83},"Urine cells were cytocentrifuged onto glass slides, fixed, incubated with the TP4303 receptor-specific fluorophore, washed, and DAPI-stained. Cell counts and fluorescence intensity around malignant cells were measured by microscopy and Zeiss software.",{"name":89,"@type":80,"acceptedAnswer":90},"What key performance findings were reported for BPH and prostate cancer patients?",{"text":91,"@type":83},"For BPH, specificity was 89.6% (95% CI 81.9–94.9%) and NPV was 100% (95.9% CI 95.9–100%). Prostate cancer patients shed malignant cells in urine with increasing percentage and fluorescence intensity correlated with higher Gleason grade groups.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":94,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":65,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":96,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},1790300032,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":100},[101,105,109,113,118,123,126,131,135,138,141],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},40,"healthcare",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":129,"slug":130},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":134},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":137},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":139,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":140},"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":142,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":143,"show_sort_weight":114,"slug":144},19,"General","general"]