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Assessing President Bush’s Assessment Law - Will Standards Save Public Education?","","Gregory J. Fritzberg examines the logic and consequences of U.S. education reform under No Child Left Behind (NCLB), focusing on standardized testing, accountability, and the authority behind learning standards. The essay contrasts claims that centrally set “one size fits all” standards improve outcomes with critiques emphasizing how such external mandates can undermine local schools, families, and democratic trust. It also traces the history of ESEA Title One, highlighting how funding design shaped program implementation and accountability limits.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/no-child-left-behind-assessing-president-bushs-assessment-law-will-standards-save-public-education/603279/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/no-child-left-behind-assessing-president-bushs-assessment-law-will-standards-save-public-education/603279.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"moss~","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What problem does the essay target regarding No Child Left Behind (NCLB)?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"The essay critiques NCLB’s Title One as it relates to standardized testing and accountability, questioning how standards are set and what data and consequences follow from testing results.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How does the essay describe the argument for and against centrally determined standards?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"It notes that “one size fits all” standards are familiar in places like Massachusetts, but it also presents objections that external standards and assessments can strip local schools and families of key professional and parental prerogatives.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What is the significance of ESEA Title One in the essay’s historical discussion?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"Title One is described as the “crown jewel” of the 1965 ESEA, with a specific funding structure. The essay explains how its categorical funding and lack of direct accountability for achievement shaped outcomes, supported by evaluation work such as the Sustaining Effects Study.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},603279,1792106908,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":138,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962090895452,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Gregory J. Fritzberg is an associate professor and chair of the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington.  \nNo Child Left Behind? Assessing President Bush’s Assessment Law  \nBy Gregory J. Fritzberg  \nSince the United States Constitution dictates that public education is a state responsibility, one could describe America’s recent standards-based reform movement in, well, 50 ways. Excepting recalcitrant Iowa, perhaps, the stories are not all that different. Although Gallup polling has repeatedly demonstrated that most Americans like their local schools, we have also tended to accept the crisis claims about our system as a whole emanating from conservative pundits and a sensation-hungry press since the early 1980s. Politicians have been beholden, many quite happily, to “solving” our educational problems by legislating tougher content and performance standards. Regardless of the still-debated status ofAmerican public education today, most people support systemic efforts to articulate clearer and more ambitious learning targets for all students, but the question of who sets these standards and determines our success in fulfilling them has been more problematic.  \nArguments about centrally determined “one size fits all” educational standards and assessments are  \ncertainly familiar in the state of Massachusetts. The mapping techniques—essentially, the tracing of assessment questions to relevant content standards, item by item—and analyses of difficulty employed by Robert Schwartz and his Achieve colleagues in 2001 led them to declare Massachusetts’ assessment system the best they had yet seen (2003) . But Achieve is the creation of governors and corporate leaders invested in test-driven accountability, and others are not as sanguine. In a recent collection of essays entitled Will Standards Save Public Education? (2000), three prominent reformers (Gary Nash, Linda Nathan, and Richard Murnane) joined small-school advocate Deborah Meierin characterizing theMCAS as“an inch deep and a mile wide”(p. 7). Meier, however, goes further than many of her peers. For Meier, external standards and assessments rob local schools and families of their professional and parental prerogatives, no matter their quality. If children begin to perceive that the adults educating them are simply taking cues from “superiors,”they can lose faith in their schools, their democracy, and ultimately themselves.  \nAs the title of the anthology referred to above suggests, Meier is not without detractors. Indeed, she is outnumbered by proponents of standards-based accountability in Massachusetts and across the nation, as existing state laws unfailingly demonstrate. Moreover, the standards and testing movement got a giant shove forward with the latest reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) in January of 2002, entitled No Child Left Behind (NCLB) . Through NCLB, President George W. Bush utilized education reform to bolster his stature asa moderate and post-Clinton New Democrats supported his federalist vision while simultaneously chiding him for under-funding it. NCLB puts teeth into the previously existing requirement—initiated through the 1994 ESEA reauthorization called the Improving America’s Schools Act—that states demonstrate “adequate yearly progress” toward helping all disadvantaged students achieve demanding academic standards. While it grants states receiving ESEA funds surprising latitude in creating or selecting assessment tools to measure academic achievement, NCLB is very strict about what data these tests must produce and the consequences for disappointing results. The purpose of this essay isto critique NCLB’s Title One as it relates to standardized testing and accountability. I will begin by providing some historical background.  \nA Short History of ESEA Title One  \nWhile the federal government had helped states, cities, and towns address educational needs from the time of it","cbCailLOpYRETHVs","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailLOpYRETHVs","pdf",83624,18,"English","# Introduction\n## Standards-based reform and accountability debates\n# NCLB and its implications\n## ESEA history and the Title One purpose\n# A Short History of ESEA Title One\n## Funding design and program effects","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the essay target regarding No Child Left Behind (NCLB)?\",\"answer\":\"The essay critiques NCLB’s Title One as it relates to standardized testing and accountability, questioning how standards are set and what data and consequences follow from testing results.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the essay describe the argument for and against centrally determined standards?\",\"answer\":\"It notes that “one size fits all” standards are familiar in places like Massachusetts, but it also presents objections that external standards and assessments can strip local schools and families of key professional and parental prerogatives.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the significance of ESEA Title One in the essay’s historical discussion?\",\"answer\":\"Title One is described as the “crown jewel” of the 1965 ESEA, with a specific funding structure. The essay explains how its categorical funding and lack of direct accountability for achievement shaped outcomes, supported by evaluation work such as the Sustaining Effects Study.\"}]","No Child Left Behind? Assessing President Bush’s Assessment Law - Will Standards Save Public Education? | PDF",1792096016,45]