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It highlights the use of various elements, including Sodium, Rubidium, Cesium, Potassium, Deuterium, Krypton, Beryllium, and Aluminum, in groundbreaking experiments. These studies encompass the creation of Bose-Einstein condensates, the definition of the second through atomic clocks, the measurement of the meter, and advanced quantum logic clock experiments that test Einstein's theory of general relativity. The content illustrates the intersection of chemistry, atomic physics, and precision measurement, showcasing how specific elements have served as fundamental tools for verifying theoretical predictions and advancing technological standards in physics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nistory-of-the-periodic-table-scientific-achievements-and-quantum-research/289693/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nistory-of-the-periodic-table-scientific-achievements-and-quantum-research/289693.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"supergirl","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-17",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What is the significance of Cesium in the document?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Cesium is used in atomic clocks, such as the NIST-F2, where the frequency of microwave radiation from its atoms defines the official unit of the second.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How was the meter defined before 1983?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Before 1983, the official meter was defined by the wavelengths of light emitted from Krypton atoms, as measured by NIST researchers.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What contribution did NIST researchers make regarding Bose-Einstein condensates?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Researchers at JILA, a partnership between NIST and CU Boulder, used Rubidium and Sodium atoms to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, an achievement recognized with a Nobel Prize in 2001.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},289693,1789636441,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":24,"preview_page_count":4},962088121634,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","|  |\n| --- |\n| NISTory of the Periodic Table |\n\nSodium:  \n1988  \nRubidium:  \nThese atoms were used by researchers at JILA (NIST-CU Boulder) to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate (Nobel Prize 2001) .  \nImage Credit: NIST/JILA/CU-Boulder  \n1995  \n2008  \nImage Ye/Jin  \nCesium:  \nThe frequency of microwave radiation from this atom in atomic clocks such as the NIST-F2 (2014), is used to define the second.  \nPotassium and Rubidium:  \nJILA researchers married these elements into an ultracold gas of molecules and demonstrated striking predictions of quantum physics by hitting the atoms with “rulers of light” known as frequency combs (Nobel Prize 2005) and trapping them in webs of light known as optical lattices.  \nDeuterium:  \nThis rare heavy isotope of hydrogen was concentrated at NIST and then identified by Columbia University's  \nHarold Urey (Nobel Prize 1934) . On the left is a deuterium lamp; the light on the  \nKrypton:  \nWavelengths of light from this atom, measured by NIST researchers, defined the o􀂖cial meter until 1983.  \nNIST scientists used lasers to cool a gas of these atoms to more than theoretically expected to temperatures even closer to absolute zero.(Nobel Prize 1997)  \n1967  \n2/2010101  \nIndividual ions of these  \natoms were probed in a NIST trap to create  \n\"quantum logic\" clocks that measured the second more precisely than before and tested Einstein's general theory  \nBeryllium and Aluminum:  \nImage Credit:  \nNIST  \nImage Credit: H. Mark Helfer/NIST  \nCredit: Steven Burrows and groups/JILA  \nImage Credit: Neil Tucker/Wikimedia  \n1960  \nright comes from the NIST SURF III Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility. Image Credit: Uwe Arp/NIST  \nof relativity. Such quantum manipulations were recognized in the 2012 Nobel Prize. Image Credit: J. Amini/NIST  \n[www](www.nist.gov)[.nist.gov](www.nist.gov)  \nDesign by: Natasha Hanacek/NIST","cbCaisvhsipUBBCl","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaisvhsipUBBCl","pdf",2541868,"English","# Historical Milestones in Atomic Physics\n## Key Elements and Breakthroughs\n## Quantum Experiments and Nobel Prizes","[{\"question\":\"What is the significance of Cesium in the document?\",\"answer\":\"Cesium is used in atomic clocks, such as the NIST-F2, where the frequency of microwave radiation from its atoms defines the official unit of the second.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the meter defined before 1983?\",\"answer\":\"Before 1983, the official meter was defined by the wavelengths of light emitted from Krypton atoms, as measured by NIST researchers.\"},{\"question\":\"What contribution did NIST researchers make regarding Bose-Einstein condensates?\",\"answer\":\"Researchers at JILA, a partnership between NIST and CU Boulder, used Rubidium and Sodium atoms to create the first Bose-Einstein condensate, an achievement recognized with a Nobel Prize in 2001.\"}]","NISTory of the Periodic Table - Scientific Achievements and Quantum Research | PDF"]