[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-331872-105":59,"doc-detail-331872-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","nf-b-governing-macrophages-in-cancer","NF-κB: Governing Macrophages in Cancer","","Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a dominant component of the tumor microenvironment, sustaining tumor progression and shaping anti-tumor immunity. Through transcriptional plasticity, macrophages can adopt distinct phenotypes, including M1-like pro-inflammatory and M2-like anti-inflammatory states. NF-κB transcription factors act as central regulators of TAM behavior in cancer, frequently promoting M2-like polarization. Consequently, the NF-κB pathway is proposed as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nf-b-governing-macrophages-in-cancer/331872/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nf-b-governing-macrophages-in-cancer/331872.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Patrick","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are tumor-associated macrophages important in the tumor microenvironment?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"TAMs are a major component of the tumor microenvironment and help sustain tumor progression while also influencing anti-tumor immunity.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does macrophage plasticity relate to different TAM phenotypes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Macrophages show anti- or pro-tumor functions by expressing different gene sets, leading to distinct phenotypes such as M1-like (pro-inflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) states.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What role does NF-κB play in cancer immunotherapy strategies?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"NF-κB transcription factors are central regulators of TAMs and often drive polarization toward an M2-like phenotype; therefore, targeting the NF-κB pathway is considered a therapeutic approach to counter immunosuppression and enhance anti-tumor immunity.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331872,1790830315,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","Review  \nNF-κB: Governing Macrophages in Cancer  \nJessica Cornice 1, Daniela Verzella 2, *, Paola Arboretto 1, Davide Vecchiotti 2, Daria Capece 2, Francesca Zazzeroni 2 and Guido Franzoso 1, *  \nCitation: Cornice, J.; Verzella, D.; Arboretto, P.; Vecchiotti, D.; Capece, D.; Zazzeroni, F.; Franzoso, G. NF-κB: Governing Macrophages in Cancer. Genes 2024, 15, 197. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/genes15020197](10.3390/genes15020197)  \nAcademic Editor: Kenta Nakai  \nReceived: 12 January 2024  \nRevised: 26 January 2024  \nAccepted: 27 January 2024  \nPublished: 31 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; [j.cornice@imperial.ac.uk](j.cornice@imperial.ac.uk) (J.C.); [p.arboretto@imperial.ac.uk](p.arboretto@imperial.ac.uk) (P.A.)  \n2 Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila,  \n67100 L’Aquila, Italy; [davide.vecchiotti@univaq.it](davide.vecchiotti@univaq.it) (D.V.); [daria.capece@univaq.it](daria.capece@univaq.it) (D.C.); [francesca.zazzeroni@univaq.it](francesca.zazzeroni@univaq.it) (F.Z.)  \n* Correspondence: [daniela.verzella@univaq.it](daniela.verzella@univaq.it) (D.V.); [g.franzoso@imperial.ac.uk](g.franzoso@imperial.ac.uk) (G.F.)  \nAbstract: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are the major component of the tumor microenvironment (TME), where they sustain tumor progression and or-tumor immunity. Due to their plasticity, macrophages can exhibit anti-or pro-tumor functions through the expression of different gene sets leading to distinct macrophage phenotypes: M1-like or pro-inflammatory and M2-like or anti-inflammatory. NF-κB transcription factors are central regulators of TAMs in cancers, where they often drive macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype. Therefore, the NF-κB pathway isan attractive therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy in a wide range of human tumors. Hence, targeting NF-κB pathway in the myeloid compartment is a potential clinical strategy to overcome microenvironment-induced immunosuppression and increase anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we discuss the role of NF-κB as a key driver of macrophage functions in tumors as well as the principal strategies to overcome tumor immunosuppression by targeting the NF-κB pathway.  \nKeywords: NF-κB; tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs); tumor microenvironment (TME)  \n1. Introduction  \nMacrophages represent one of the major lines of host defense in the innate immune system, able to kill pathogens and induce inflammatory response [1] . They control tissue repair and homeostasis via the extracellular matrix remodeling and scavenging of cellular debris and apoptotic cells [2] . Macrophages are highly versatile and can exert several different functions by changing their transcriptional profile based on the anatomic location and physiologic or pathophysiologic conditions [1,3] .  \nIn the tumor microenvironment (TME), the complex interactions between tumor cells, immune cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and the extracellular matrix shapes tumor clinical behavior through the release and uptake of several angiogenic, mitogenic, immunosuppressive, or pro-migratory factors that may either inhibit or stimulate tumor progression [4] . Chemoattractants, produced by malignant cells and the stromal tumor compartment, such as C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CXCL12 (SDF1) and colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), recruit monocytes from the bloodstream that migrate into tumor site [5,6] . Different studies showed that the tis","cbCaikqk99u0egvF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikqk99u0egvF","pdf",691784,29,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Macrophages and tumor microenvironment interactions\n## Macrophage polarization: M1-like and M2-like states","[{\"question\":\"Why are tumor-associated macrophages important in the tumor microenvironment?\",\"answer\":\"TAMs are a major component of the tumor microenvironment and help sustain tumor progression while also influencing anti-tumor immunity.\"},{\"question\":\"How does macrophage plasticity relate to different TAM phenotypes?\",\"answer\":\"Macrophages show anti- or pro-tumor functions by expressing different gene sets, leading to distinct phenotypes such as M1-like (pro-inflammatory) and M2-like (anti-inflammatory) states.\"},{\"question\":\"What role does NF-κB play in cancer immunotherapy strategies?\",\"answer\":\"NF-κB transcription factors are central regulators of TAMs and often drive polarization toward an M2-like phenotype; therefore, targeting the NF-κB pathway is considered a therapeutic approach to counter immunosuppression and enhance anti-tumor immunity.\"}]","NF-κB: Governing Macrophages in Cancer | PDF",1789995565,73]