[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-322647-105":59,"doc-detail-322647-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","news-bulletin-of-the-institute-of-international-education-vol9-no1-freedom-and-education","NEWS BULLETIN of the INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION - Vol.9 No.1 - Freedom and Education","","A 1933 issue of the News Bulletin of the Institute of International Education presents an editorial titled “Freedom and Education,” arguing that democracy is increasingly restricted by authoritarian rule and that the life of the spirit suffers when human personality is devalued. It emphasizes the necessity of freedom of teaching and research for intellectual progress, warning that both fascism and communism threaten academic freedom. The issue also reports on the Institute’s annual conference for newly appointed exchange students and its role in orienting participants for study abroad.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/news-bulletin-of-the-institute-of-international-education-vol9-no1-freedom-and-education/322647/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/news-bulletin-of-the-institute-of-international-education-vol9-no1-freedom-and-education/322647.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Oliver","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What central claim does the bulletin make about “freedom and education”?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It argues that freedom of teaching and freedom of research are essential for intellectual progress and that authoritarian regimes narrow these freedoms, harming the life of the spirit.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the bulletin describe democracy’s changing status by 1933?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It states that freedom has been narrowed as more nations replace democracy with dictatorship, where the individual counts for less in public affairs.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What was the purpose of the Institute’s annual exchange-student conference?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It welcomed newly appointed exchange fellows, provided orientation through addresses and social events, and helped students feel more confident before proceeding to their 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\nPublished monthly October to May—Annual Subscription,25 cents  \nBr INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION,INc.2 West 45th Street,New York  \nSTEPHEN DuGGAN,Ph.D.,LL.D.,DirectorEDWARD R.MURROW,Assistant DirectorMARY L.WAITE,Executive Secretary  \nEntered as Second Class Matter,December 7,1928,at the Post Ofice at New York,N.Y.,under the act of March 3,1879  \nFREEDOM AND EDUCATION  \nThe domain of freedom is being steadily narrowed.Freedom has hithertousually found residence in a democracy.The war which was to have madethe world “safe for democracy”failed of that purpose,as of so many others.More and more,nations are supplanting democracy with dictatorship inwnich freedom has little,if any place.These dictatorships may have beenmade necessary by social disorganization,economic depression or politicalchaos.Material conditions may have benefited by the change.But almostinevitably the life of the spirit has suffered.The belief in the unlimited valueof human personality disappears and the individual counts for less and lessin the affairs of men.  \nThe most sincere advocate of democracy must admit that as a form ofpolitical organization it has sometimes failed to meet expectations,especiallyin countries with populations that have little or no experience in self-government.Even in our own country the conflict of selfish interests has putsuch a strain upon democracy that modifications have been found necessary.But though made under the pressure of necessity,they were at least madevoluntarily and not as the result of army coercion,whether the army wereofficial or unofficial.  \nEvery people has the right to live under the form of government it selectsfor itself.It is not for foreigners to object because they do not like it.Butit is reasonable to deplore an action anywhere that may be absolutelydestructive of gains in human progress that have been made only by greatsacrifice.Freedom of teaching is one such gain.Everyone familiar withthe history of intellectual development knows the great obstacles that had tobe overcome before even the partial freedom that we have until now enjoyedwas secured.Under dictatorships that modicum of freedom is lost.  \nWithout freedom of research and without freedom to diffuse throughteaching the results of research there can be no intellectual progress.With-out freedom to speculate upon human affairs some of the noblest visionsthat have been given to mankind would have died with their seers.Nosadder spectacle can be found than that of a university teacher who does notgive expression to his real views on the subject of his lecture because ofgovernmental orders.His distress can be matched only by the fear hisstudents have to ask the questions they want answered,fear that they will bereported as not good “patriots”.  \nThis sprawling democracy of ours presents aspects that are repulsive toa sensitive spirit.But in respect to freedom of teaching its record is good.Anyone can point to individual cases to the contrary,but an attack uponfreedom of teaching along the whole line has never been made.Our situationis not without danger,however.Frequently are demands made by influentialgroups to curb freedom of teaching because of statements made by professors.Fascism of various colors and communism unquestionably have influ-  \nenced some of our people.Both ideologies are inimical to freedom.Thisis an appeal to the teachers and students of our universities who may beimpressed by the benefits that undoubtedly exist in the fascist and com-munist states not to forget the price that has been paid for freedom to teachand freedom to learn.  \nSTEPHEN DuGGAN.  \n# OUR EXCHANGE STUDENTS\n\nJESSIE DoUGLASS  \nThe Conference which the Institute has held annually for several years towelcome the newly appointed exchange fellows from abroad was held fromSeptember 16th until September 19th.The Riverdale Co","cbCaijB455y7tGqb","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijB455y7tGqb","pdf",606162,16,"English","# Freedom and Education\n## Editorial Argument\n# Our Exchange Students","[{\"question\":\"What central claim does the bulletin make about “freedom and education”?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that freedom of teaching and freedom of research are essential for intellectual progress and that authoritarian regimes narrow these freedoms, harming the life of the spirit.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the bulletin describe democracy’s changing status by 1933?\",\"answer\":\"It states that freedom has been narrowed as more nations replace democracy with dictatorship, where the individual counts for less in public affairs.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the purpose of the Institute’s annual exchange-student conference?\",\"answer\":\"It welcomed newly appointed exchange fellows, provided orientation through addresses and social events, and helped students feel more confident before proceeding to their destinations.\"}]","NEWS BULLETIN of the INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION - Vol.9 No.1 - Freedom and Education | PDF",1789963207]