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The tumor microenvironment forms a complex TiME network whose immune states shape cancer biology by creating immunosuppressive conditions, recruiting multiple suppressive cell populations and engaging inhibitory checkpoints and enzymes. This review analyzes key cell-molecule interaction mechanisms that drive TiME changes in thyroid cancer and evaluates therapeutic implications. It also summarizes recent clinical trials of immunotherapy for thyroid cancer.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/new-insights-into-the-tumor-immune-microenvironment-and-immunotherapy-of-thyroid-cancer-review/352337/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/new-insights-into-the-tumor-immune-microenvironment-and-immunotherapy-of-thyroid-cancer-review/352337.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why does the tumor immune microenvironment matter in thyroid cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"The TiME network, built from immune, stromal, vascular, and cancer cells, determines how thyroid cancer evolves by shaping immune states and influencing cancer cell behavior.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What mechanisms can suppress antitumor immunity in thyroid cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Thyroid cancer cells can promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment by recruiting multiple suppressive immune cell types and by expressing inhibitory checkpoints such as PD-L1 and CTLA-4, along with immunosuppressive enzymes like IDO1.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What does the review focus on regarding immunotherapy for thyroid cancer?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The review examines interaction mechanisms between cells and molecules in the TiME that support tumor development and assesses the potential of TiME components as therapeutic targets, alongside a summary of recent related clinical trials.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},352337,1790516097,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":31},2336464648322,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/2200025388227c56fec?_k=1778556882303663488","TYPE Review  \nPUBLISHED 23 January 2026  \nDOI 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1699500  \nOPEN ACCESS  \nEDITED BY  \nSusan Prockop,  \nBoston Children ’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, United States  \nREVIEWED BY  \nRen Jing,  \nShenzhen University, China  \nJavier Ismael Altamirano Garca, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubira´n, Mexico  \n*CORRESPONDENCE  \nPeng Ma  \n [mapeng@sxbqeh.com.cn](mapeng@sxbqeh.com.cn)  \nRECEIVED 05 September 2025  \nREVISED 15 December 2025  \nACCEPTED 05 January 2026  \nPUBLISHED 23 January 2026  \nCITATION  \nDu J-j, Wang J, Ma K and Ma P (2026) New insights into the tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy of thyroid cancer.  \nFront. Immunol. 17:1699500 .  \ndoi: 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1699500  \nCOPYRIGHT  \n© 2026 Du, Wang, Ma and Ma. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.  \nNew insights into the tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy of thyroid cancer  \nJia-jia Du, Jian Wang, Kai Ma and Peng Ma*  \nShanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China  \nThyroid cancer (TC) is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system. Although most cases have a favorable prognosis, some patients may be resistant to treatment or exhibit aggressive behavior. The tumor microenvironment (TME) network, composed of stromal cells, immune cells, vascular cells, and cancer cells, has become a key factor in the development of TC. The TME affects the biological behavior of TC through different immune states. TC cells can suppress antitumor immune response by promoting an immunosuppressive microenvironment, such as through the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated mast cells (TAMCs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), among other immunosuppressive cells. They also express negative immune checkpoints such as programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), and immunosuppressive enzymes such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) . This suggests that immunotherapy may be a promising treatment for TC, especially for patients who do not respond to traditional therapies. This article focuses on the interaction mechanism of cells and molecules in the tumor immune microenvironment (TiME) involved in the occurrence and development of TC and analyzes its potential value as a therapeutic target. In addition, the latest clinical trials related to immunotherapy for TC are summarized.  \nKEYWORDS  \nimmunotherapy, metabolic reprogramming, PD-L1, thyroid cancer, tumor immune microenvironment  \nIntroduction  \nThyroid cancer (TC) is the ninth most common malignancy and the most common cancer of the endocrine system worldwide. The incidence of women is significantly higher than that of men, resulting in more than 586,000 new cases and 43,600 deaths each year (1) . The currently known types ofTC include papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), follicular thyroid cancer (FTC), medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) .  \nFrontiers in Immunology 01 [frontiersin.org](frontiersin.org)  \nDifferentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), which includes PTC and FTC, accounts for more than 90% of all cases (2) . Traditional treatment methods include surgery, radiotherapy, and endocrine suppression therapy; however, the efficacy of each therapy remains limited to varying degrees (3) . Over the past decade, with an in-depth understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of TC, si","cbCaif6nrDLcOzyh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaif6nrDLcOzyh","pdf",1312110,"English","# Introduction\n## Thyroid cancer burden and current therapies\n## Progress in targeted treatments and immunotherapy\n# Tumor immune microenvironment in thyroid cancer\n## Cellular components shaping TiME\n## Immune checkpoints and immunosuppressive mechanisms","[{\"question\":\"Why does the tumor immune microenvironment matter in thyroid cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The TiME network, built from immune, stromal, vascular, and cancer cells, determines how thyroid cancer evolves by shaping immune states and influencing cancer cell behavior.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanisms can suppress antitumor immunity in thyroid cancer?\",\"answer\":\" Thyroid cancer cells can promote an immunosuppressive microenvironment by recruiting multiple suppressive immune cell types and by expressing inhibitory checkpoints such as PD-L1 and CTLA-4, along with immunosuppressive enzymes like IDO1.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the review focus on regarding immunotherapy for thyroid cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review examines interaction mechanisms between cells and molecules in the TiME that support tumor development and assesses the potential of TiME components as therapeutic targets, alongside a summary of recent related clinical trials.\"}]","New insights into the tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy of thyroid cancer - review | PDF",1790099042]