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to frame neo-liberalism?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The article draws on scholarship centered on geographer and historian David Harvey and the educationalist Henry Giroux, and connects this to existing research on Irish neo-liberalism and adult education.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the article explain the rise of neo-liberalism in historical terms?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It traces neo-liberalism to economic and political crises between the 1970s and early 1980s, then describes how free-market experiments helped form the Washington consensus and led to global marketization and privatization.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What are the article’s main implications for Irish adult education?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"By linking Irish educational change to the broader cultural and political logic of neo-liberalism, the article argues the framework helps understand impacts on adult education and its relevance to debates on lifelong 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offers an overview of recent international scholarship on neo-liberalism in particular the work of the geographer and historian David Harvey and the recent books of the educationalist Henry Giroux. It begins with a brief historical account of neo-liberalism and outlines the main characteristics of the free market era. Irish society and education is analysed in light of this work arguing that this offers a useful model for understanding the rise in inequality, the changing nature of democracy and the shift in social values that we have witnessed in Ireland over the past decade. The article finishes with a brief exploration of the impact of free market ideas on contemporary adult education and the relevance this has for the ongoing debate over different versions of lifelong learning.  \nIntroduction  \nEconomics is the method but the object is to change the soul (Margaret Thatcher, quoted in Harvey, 2006, p.17) .  \nWhat is neo-liberalism? A programme for destroying collective structures which may impede the pure market logic (Pierre Bourdieu, 1998b, p.1) .  \nThirty five years ago the idea that the needs of the market should determine social policy and statecraft was a proposition which was seriously entertained by only a few thinkers at the margins of Chicago and London academia. Today the same idea is so powerful it is simply ‘common sense’-making the diffusion and consolidation of the neo-liberal project one of the most remarkable stories of recent history (Anderson, 2000). This free market revolution has reshaped the global economic and political system and arguably even changed the models by  \nwhich we judge social progress (Bourdieu, 1998a; Harvey, 2005; Anderson, 2000). There isan extensive body of international research on neo-liberalism and unsurprisingly a number of prominent educational thinkers have begun to analyse the challenges that this new historical conjuncture poses for educators (Apple, 2006; Burbules & Torres, 2000; Giroux, 2004; McLaren, 2005). However, in Ireland although there is a large swathe of popular and academic literature exploring various aspects of change during the ‘Celtic Tiger’(Nolan, Connell & Whelan, 2000; O'Toole, 2003; MacSharry & White, 2000; O'Riain, 2000; 2004; Smith, 2005; Sweeney, 1998) relatively few commentators have chosen to frame the transformation of Ireland as part of a more general story of the triumph of neo-liberalism. Kirby (2002a; 2002b; 2004; 2005) has offered the most nuanced account of an‘Irish neo-liberalism’ but even when this is supplemented by relevant work by other writers (Allen, 2000; 2007; Coulter & Coleman, 2003; O’Cleary, 2007; O’Hearn, 1998) this topic requires considerable further study and elaboration. Most pertinently for educators there has been very little research on the impact, orthe potential effect, of neo-liberalism on Irish education in general (Allen, 2007; Lynch, 2006) or more specifically on adult education (Connolly, 2007; Fleming, 1998; 2004). As a small contribution to this field of inquiry this article will briefly offer a brief history of neo-liberalism and outline its main characteristics drawing on a range of scholarship including the work of the geographer and historian David Harvey and the educational thinker Henry Giroux. This scholarship will then be synthesised with the available research on Irish neo-liberalism cited above alongside a number of recent empirical studies in order to explore the specific cultural and political logic of Irish neo-liberalism and what this has meant, and might mean, for adult education.  \nNeo-liberalism: a brief overview of the new hegemony  \nBetween the seventies and early eighties the world economic system was beset with a variety of economic and political crises. Besides having to contend with a wave of militant social struggles politicians and policy makers were confronted by falling profit levels, interest rate","cbCaiuYHOS1ZFLgg","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuYHOS1ZFLgg","pdf",252656,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Neo-liberalism: a Brief Overview of the New Hegemony","[{\"question\":\"What scholarly works does the article rely on to frame neo-liberalism?\",\"answer\":\"The article draws on scholarship centered on geographer and historian David Harvey and the educationalist Henry Giroux, and connects this to existing research on Irish neo-liberalism and adult education.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the article explain the rise of neo-liberalism in historical terms?\",\"answer\":\"It traces neo-liberalism to economic and political crises between the 1970s and early 1980s, then describes how free-market experiments helped form the Washington consensus and led to global marketization and privatization.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the article’s main implications for Irish adult education?\",\"answer\":\"By linking Irish educational change to the broader cultural and political logic of neo-liberalism, the article argues the framework helps understand impacts on adult education and its relevance to debates on lifelong learning.\"}]","Neo-Liberalism, Irish Society and Adult Education - Brief Overview | PDF",1792067042]