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It shows that early efforts privileged the push to develop teaching as a profession, strengthening Teachers College’s position and national reputation. Yet the study argues that teaching and school administration never fully became autonomous, self-regulating professions. The findings also link historic failure to modern criticism of higher-education teacher preparation programs.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/negotiating-competing-progressive-era-reform-impulses-at-teachers-college-1889-1927/599828/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/negotiating-competing-progressive-era-reform-impulses-at-teachers-college-1889-1927/599828.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"PakDamar76","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What two Progressive Era reform impulses does the case study compare?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It compares reforms emphasizing direct service with reforms emphasizing the development of education as a profession.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How did early professionalization efforts affect Teachers College?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Early professionalization efforts enhanced Teachers College’s position at Columbia University and improved its national reputation.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the study consider the outcome of that “victory” ironic?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Because neither teaching nor school administration ultimately achieved the status of an autonomous, self-regulating profession.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},599828,1792171321,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090893057,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","| \u003Cbr>| Negotiating Competing Progressive Era Reform Impulsesat Teachers College, 1889-1927 |\n| --- | --- |\n\nSonia Murrow, Brooklyn College Mary Rose McCarthy, Pace University  \nAbstract  \nThis case study situates the evolution of Teachers College as a negotiation between two strands of Progressive Era social reform—one that emphasized direct service and one that emphasized the development of education as a profession. While in the early years of Teachers College efforts at professionalizing education were privileged, the consequences of this “victory” were ironic. Increased agreement that teaching and administering schools required expert knowledge and skill that could be acquired by specialized training enhanced the position of Teachers College, Columbia University and its reputation. However, ultimately neither teaching nor school administration achieved the status of an autonomous and self-regulating profession. This case study provides historical evidence that suggests that failure has left college and university based teacher education vulnerable to criticism from the “descendants” of direct service reformers and sheds light on contemporary challenges to teacher education.  \nKeywords: history of education, teacher education, progressive era, professionalization  \nOn Feb. 22, 1923, over 1200 members of the Teachers College, Columbia University community gathered to celebrate the 25th anniversary of James E. Russell’s tenure as Dean, the growth of the institution, and the unique contributions of the other founders. Grace Dodge’s “cooperation, material, mental, and spiritual” was noted.1 Nicholas Murray Butler was cited for his institutional expertise and Russell was honored for creating a school for educators that “uplifted” the teaching profession.  \nThis case study situates the evolution of Teachers College as a negotiation between two strands of Progressive Era social reform—one that emphasized direct service and one that emphasized the development of education as a profession.2 We provide evidence of Teacher College founders’ affiliations with each of the movements. We examine the negotiations between the competing impulses and their influence of those reforms on Teachers College in particular and, more generally, on teacher preparation programs in institutions of higher education. We have found that, overall, while in the early years of Teachers College efforts at professionalizing  \n1. See “Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of James Russell’s Tenure,” Teachers College Record (Vol. 3, 1923): 280- 313. [http://www.tcrecord.org ID Number:](http://www.tcrecord.org ID Number:) 11922, Date Accessed: 2/11/2012.  \n2. See Lawrence Cremin, The Transformation of the School: Progressivism in American Education, 1876 to 1957 (New York: Vintage Press, 1961), 170; Lawrence Cremin, David A. Shannon and Mary Evelyn Towsend, A History of Teachers College Columbia University (New York: Columbia University Press, 1954) .  \neducation were privileged, the consequences of this “victory” were ironic. Increased agreement that teaching and administering schools required expert knowledge and skill that could be acquired by specialized training enhanced the position of Teachers College at Columbia University and its national reputation. However, ultimately neither teaching nor school administration achieved the status of an autonomous and self-regulating profession. This case study provides historical evidence that suggests that failure has left college and university based teacher education vulnerable to criticism from the “descendants” of direct service reformers and sheds light on contemporary challenges to preparation programs based in institutions of higher education. It also sheds light on “reforms” imposed on school systems in the name of professionalization that serve to further marginalize community members as direct services are increasingly removed.  \nThe Social Context  \nThe social context of New York City in the last decade of the nineteent","cbCaitDggUaj2bzE","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaitDggUaj2bzE","pdf",591965,22,"English","# Abstract\n# Negotiating Competing Progressive Era Reform Impulses at Teachers College\n## The social context of New York City\n# References","[{\"question\":\"What two Progressive Era reform impulses does the case study compare?\",\"answer\":\"It compares reforms emphasizing direct service with reforms emphasizing the development of education as a profession.\"},{\"question\":\"How did early professionalization efforts affect Teachers College?\",\"answer\":\"Early professionalization efforts enhanced Teachers College’s position at Columbia University and improved its national reputation.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the study consider the outcome of that “victory” ironic?\",\"answer\":\"Because neither teaching nor school administration ultimately achieved the status of an autonomous, self-regulating profession.\"}]","Negotiating Competing Progressive Era Reform Impulses at Teachers College, 1889-1927 | PDF",1792089517,55]