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This study assesses how occupational exposure influences diagnostic delay in a cohort of lung cancer patients. A total of 110 cases were grouped by individual occupational risk assessed by an occupational physician. High occupational risk showed a significantly longer TITD and the strongest independent association with prolonged TITD in multivariate analysis.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/neglected-occupational-risk-factors-a-contributor-to-diagnostic-delays-in-lung-cancer/462421/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/neglected-occupational-risk-factors-a-contributor-to-diagnostic-delays-in-lung-cancer/462421.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Angel","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-22","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study focus on regarding lung cancer diagnosis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study focuses on whether occupational exposure contributes to diagnostic delays, measured from the onset of symptoms to confirmed diagnosis (TITD).","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was occupational risk assessed in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A total of 110 cases were recruited and divided into two groups based on individual assessment by an occupational physician.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the key findings about TITD in high-risk patients?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The high-risk group had a significantly longer TITD, and in multivariate analysis the highest risk from previous occupational exposure was the only variable statistically associated with TITD.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},462421,1791341480,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687207412472,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","Article  \nNeglected Occupational Risk Factors—A Contributor to Diagnostic Delays in Lung Cancer  \nCristina Mandanach 1,2, Andreea Maftei 1, Ocxana Maria T, ocan 1, Claudia Lucia Toma 3,4 and Marina Ruxandra Oelea 2,5, *  \nAcademic Editor: Georgios Rachiotis  \nReceived: 7 December 2025  \nRevised: 25 December 2025  \nAccepted: 30 December 2025  \nPublished: 1 January 2026  \nCopyright: © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license.  \n1 Doctoral School,“Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; [cristina.paraschiv@drd.umfcd.ro](cristina.paraschiv@drd.umfcd.ro) (C.M.); [andreea.mutu@drd.umfcd.ro](andreea.mutu@drd.umfcd.ro) (A.M.); [ocxana-maria.tocan@drd.umfcd.ro](ocxana-maria.tocan@drd.umfcd.ro) (O.M.T, .)  \n2 Clinical Department 5,“Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania  \n3 Pulmonology Department I,“Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 37 Dionisie Lupu Street, Sector 2, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; [claudia.toma@umfcd.ro](claudia.toma@umfcd.ro)  \n4 Pulmonology Department IV,“Marius Nasta” Institute of Pneumology, 90 Viilor Street, Sector 5,  \n050159 Bucharest, Romania  \n5 Clinic of Occupational Medicine, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 19–21 Stefan cel Mare Street, Sector 2,  \n020125 Bucharest, Romania  \n* [Correspondence: marina.otelea@umfcd.ro](Correspondence: marina.otelea@umfcd.ro)  \nHighlights  \nWhat are the main findings?  \n• Due to the long period between the first exposure and the first signs of lung cancer, occupational risk is under evaluated.  \n• Patients with occupational risk of lung cancers have longer time to diagnosis.  \nWhat are the implications of the main findings?  \n• Occupational hazards should be included in the risk assessment in order to reduce the time to diagnosis of patients with lung cancer.  \n• Follow-up of the workers exposed to lung carcinogens in their workplace could lead to an earlier detection of lung cancer.  \nAbstract  \nIntroduction: For lung cancer, the total interval time to diagnosis (TITD) is very important. If not detected by the screening program, the actual guidelines emphasize the need for a short delay to assure the initiation of treatment before 2 months from the initial symptoms. In order to shorten TITD, the individual risk has to be properly assessed by the primary physician. Objective: The assessment of the influence of the occupational exposure on the diagnostic delay—from the onset of symptoms to confirmed diagnosis—in a population of patients with lung cancer. Material and methods: A total of 110 cases were recruited and were divided into two groups based on the individual assessment by an occupational physician. Results: There were 38 cases (34.55%) at high risk according to their occupational exposure and 72 controls. On average, the TITD was 3.41 +/−5.12 months. The TITD was significantly longer in the high-risk group (p = 0.03) . A larger proportion cases had longer TITD: 55.17% of cases vs. 44.83% of controls (p = 0.006) . In a multivariate analysis including covariates’ age, sex, level of education, health literacy, number of packs-years, family history of cancer, and previous lung diseases associated with a high risk of lung cancer, the highest risk derived from the previous occupational exposure was the only variable statistically associated with TITD (OR = 10.57, 2.06–54.34, p = 0.01) . Discussion:  \nAwareness about the occupational risk in workers who are or have been exposed and in health providers could reduce the total interval time to diagnosis.  \nKeywords: occupational carcinogens; occupational exposure; lung cancer; total interval time to diagnosis  \n1. Introduction  \nLung cancer (LC) remains one of the most important issues in public health, as mortality is the greates","cbCaivlTgb9Smi3c","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivlTgb9Smi3c","pdf",451351,14,"English","# Highlights\n## What are the main findings?\n## What are the implications of the main findings?\n# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Objective\n## Material and methods\n## Results\n## Discussion\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"What does the study focus on regarding lung cancer diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"The study focuses on whether occupational exposure contributes to diagnostic delays, measured from the onset of symptoms to confirmed diagnosis (TITD).\"},{\"question\":\"How was occupational risk assessed in the study?\",\"answer\":\"A total of 110 cases were recruited and divided into two groups based on individual assessment by an occupational physician.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the key findings about TITD in high-risk patients?\",\"answer\":\"The high-risk group had a significantly longer TITD, and in multivariate analysis the highest risk from previous occupational exposure was the only variable statistically associated with TITD.\"}]","Neglected Occupational Risk Factors - A Contributor to Diagnostic Delays in Lung Cancer | PDF",1790764036,35]