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The analysis compares near-native and native speakers while accounting for linguistic constraints identified in earlier work and introducing a new factor addressing how variant formality shapes future-time usage. Results are further benchmarked against the same dataset and related variable structures, specifically negation and interrogatives, with an argument for multiple complementary analyses of the same corpus.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/near-native-sociolinguistic-competence-in-french-evidence-from-variable-future-time-expression/596068/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/near-native-sociolinguistic-competence-in-french-evidence-from-variable-future-time-expression/596068.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Anna Hans","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-20","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the main focus of the study?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study investigates sociolinguistic competence among near-native speakers by analyzing how variable future-time expression is used in informal French conversations.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the study extend prior research on future-time expression?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It adds a new factor to examine the role of the formality of variants, alongside linguistic constraints previously studied.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What comparisons does the study make to contextualize its findings?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It compares the new future-time results with those from the same dataset for other variable structures, specifically negation and interrogatives, and cites prior investigations on near-native usage.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},596068,1792189450,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},5909892332657,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","CJAL * RCLA Gudmestad, Edmonds, Donaldson & Carmichael 169  \nNear-Native Sociolinguistic Competence in French: Evidence from Variable Future-Time Expression  \nAarnes Gudmestad  \nVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  \nAmanda Edmonds  \nUniversité Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3  \nBryan Donaldson  \nUniversity of California, Santa Cruz  \nKatie Carmichael  \nVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  \nAbstract  \nThis study aims to advance the understanding of sociolinguistic competence among nearnative speakers and to further knowledge about the acquisition of variable structures. We conduct a quantitative analysis of variable future-time expression in informal conversations between near-native and native speakers of French. In addition to examining linguistic constraints that have been investigated in previous research, we build on prior work by introducing a new factor that enables us to consider the role that formality of the variants plays in the use of variable future-time expression. We conclude by comparing these new findings to those for the same dataset and other variable structures (namely, negation and interrogatives, Donaldson, 2016, 2017) and by advocating for more research that consists of multiple, complementary analyses of the same dataset.  \nRésumé  \nLes objectifs de cette étude sont (a) d’apporter de nouvelles données relatives à la compétence sociolinguistique parmi des locuteurs non natifs qui ont un niveau très avancé dans leur langue étrangère et (b) de contribuer à nos connaissances sur l’acquisition des structures variables. Nous proposons une analyse quantitative de l’expression du futur dans des conversations informelles entre un locuteur très avancé et un locuteur natif du français. Afin de comprendre ce cas de variation, nous faisons appel à des facteurs linguistiques qui ont été identifiés dans des recherches précédentes, et nous proposons un nouveau facteur qui nous permet d’étudier le rôle joué par la formalité des variantes dans l’expression du futur. Pour conclure, nous comparons les résultats de cette analyse aux recherches précédentes qui ont examiné d’autres structures variables dans le même corpus (notamment, la négation et les interrogatives, Donaldson, 2016, 2017) et nous soulignons l’intérêt et l’importance defaire de multiples analyses complémentaires d’un seul corpus.  \nCanadian Journal of Applied Linguistics: 23, 1 (2020) : 169-191  \nCJAL * RCLA Gudmestad, Edmonds, Donaldson & Carmichael 170  \nNear-Native Sociolinguistic Competence in French: Evidence from Variable Future  \nTime Expression  \nIn the current study we aim to further knowledge about sociolinguistic competence among additional language users (see The Douglas Fir Group, 2016, for use of the term additional language) . Sociolinguistic competence involves the ability to vary language according to a range of linguistic and extra-linguistic (namely, social) factors. Variationist approaches (Labov, 1972) have been used to examine this ability, with scholars in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) concentrating on how additional language learners acquire and use variable structures (i.e., linguistic phenomena that are not categorical for native speakers [NSs]; cf. Geeslin and Long, 2014) . Although this research has examined learners at different proficiency levels, resulting in observations about the developmental trajectory with numerous variable structures, less is known about how near-native speakers1 (NNSs) use variable structures. In the current study, we address how NNSs use variable structures by reporting on a new empirical study of variable use of future-time expression in French. Our primary goals are to examine the linguistic and sociostylistic constraints that condition NNSs’ use of future-time expression in French and to compare their variable use to that of NSs with whom the NNSs have close relationships.2 As a secondary goal we briefly compare our results on future-time expression to finding","cbCail1H9CjiUX6r","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail1H9CjiUX6r","pdf",139335,23,"English","# Abstract\n# Background\n## Additional language variation\n## Future-time expression in French","[{\"question\":\"What is the main focus of the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates sociolinguistic competence among near-native speakers by analyzing how variable future-time expression is used in informal French conversations.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study extend prior research on future-time expression?\",\"answer\":\"It adds a new factor to examine the role of the formality of variants, alongside linguistic constraints previously studied.\"},{\"question\":\"What comparisons does the study make to contextualize its findings?\",\"answer\":\"It compares the new future-time results with those from the same dataset for other variable structures, specifically negation and interrogatives, and cites prior investigations on near-native usage.\"}]","Near-Native Sociolinguistic Competence in French - Evidence from Variable Future-Time Expression | PDF",1792082379,58]