[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-669000-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":80,"doc-detail-669000-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":73,"head_meta":75,"extra_data":77,"updated_unix":79},105,"en","navigation-principles-terrestrial-coordinate-system-and-projections","Navigation Principles - Terrestrial Coordinate System and Projections","","Navigation principles focused on the terrestrial coordinate system, map projections, and nautical chart reading. Covers key terms such as equator, prime meridian, latitude and longitude, great and small circles, parallels, meridians, and rhumb lines. Explains projection concepts with emphasis on Mercator advantages and disadvantages, including representation of rhumb lines and distortion at high latitudes. Includes rules for formatting degree components and basic plotting tools, plus how to use nautical charts and chart distribution agencies.",{"@graph":14,"@context":72},[15,34,55],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/technology/","Technology",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/navigation-principles-terrestrial-coordinate-system-and-projections/669000/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/navigation-principles-terrestrial-coordinate-system-and-projections/669000.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Cart","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-11-01",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":30},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",{"@type":56,"mainEntity":57},"FAQPage",[58,64,68],{"name":59,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":61},"What are the main reference lines for latitude and longitude?","Question",{"text":62,"@type":63},"Equator is the reference for latitude, while the Prime Meridian is the reference for longitude. Latitude is measured north or south from the equator, and longitude is measured east or west from the prime meridian.","Answer",{"name":65,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":66},"How are latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds?",{"text":67,"@type":63},"Both are described in degrees, minutes, and seconds with N/S for latitude and E/W for longitude. Latitude uses two digits for degrees, and longitude uses three digits for degrees.",{"name":69,"@type":60,"acceptedAnswer":70},"What are the key differences between great-circle routes and rhumb lines?",{"text":71,"@type":63},"Great circles are formed by planes that intersect the Earth’s center, while small circles are formed by planes that do not pass through the center. Mercator projection represents rhumb lines, meridians, and parallels as straight lines, but great-circle distances and directions are not readily determinable.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":74,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":76,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":78,"site_id":7},669000,1793522940,{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":82},"success",[83,87,91,95,100,104,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":84,"show_sort_weight":85,"slug":86},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":88,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":90},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":92,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":96,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":97,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":99},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":101,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},6,50,"technology",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":81,"data":131},{"doc_id":78,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":101,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":30,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":79,"read_time":144},18829141979164,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","Navigation Principles  \nEnabling Objectives  \n- Know terms associated with the terrestrial coordinate system; Equator, Prime Meridian, Great Circle, Small Circle, Parallel, Meridian, Latitude, Longitude, and Rhumb Line  \n- Understand the concept of Projections and the main projections used in Navigation  \n- Know the advantages and disadvantages of the Mercator and Gnomonic Projections  \n-Understand the difference between Great Circle Routes and Rhumb Lines  \n-Understand the use of a Nautical Chart and the main concepts associated to nautical charts  \n-Know chart distribution agencies  \n-Understand the function and use of Chart One  \n-Know how to read directions and latitude and longitude on the nautical chart  \n-Know the lengths of a degree of Latitude and Longitude  \n-Understand the use of basic plotting tools  \nTerrestrial Coordinate System   \nLatitude   \n-Equator is the reference for latitude.  \n- Mesures angular distance North or South from the Equator (0º -090º)  \n-Described in degrees, minutes and seconds followed by the suffix N/S.  \nᵠ = XXº XX’XX’’ N/S  \nDegrees   \nexpressed always  in 2 digits!   \nTerrestrial Coordinate System   \nLongitude   \n- Prime Meridian is the reference for longitude.  \n- Measure the angular distance East or West from the Prime Meridian (0º -180º) .  \n- Described in degrees, minutes and seconds followed by the suffix E/W.  \nλ = XXXº XX’XX’’ E/W  \nDegrees   \nexpressed always  in 3 digits!   \n Terrestrial Coordinate System  \nA combination of latitude and longitude is a position on the Earth’s Grid.  \nExample:  \nRiverside Observatory coordinates:  \n-Lat. = 33 ° 57’ 12’’ N  \n-Long. = 117 °23’ 46’’ W  \nRemember:  \n1 ° = 60’(minutes) 1’ = 60’’ (seconds)  \nGreat Circle and Small Circle  \nGreat Circle is any circle formed on the surface of Earth by the intersection of a plane passing through the center of the Earth , thereby dividing Earth into two equal parts.  \nSmall Circle is any circle formed on the surface of Earth by the intersection of a plane not passing through the center of the Earth.  \nGreat Circles  \n- Meridian – Great Circle that is passes through the poles;  \n- Equator – Great Circle that is half-way from the poles;  \nProjections  Mercator Projection   \n-Most nautical charts are based on the Mercator Projection.  \n- Rhumb lines, Meridiansand Parallels are represented by straight lines.  \n- Meridians and parallels are perpendicular to each other, simplifying plotting positions.  \nProjections  Mercator Projection   \n-Advantages:  \n-Lat. and long. appear as a rectangular graticule (easy to plot positions, courses, etc.);  \n-Easy to determine lat./long. of a position plotted;  \n-Easy to measure distance (lat. scale – 1’ = 1NM); and  \n-Easy to locate the four cardinal points.  \n-Disadvantages:  \n- Great-circle distances and directions are not readily determinable; and  \n-High distortion in extreme latitudes.  \n-No representation of the poles.  \nProjections  Mercator Projection","cbCaigxWp2DLHp14","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigxWp2DLHp14","pdf",5411007,31,"English","# Navigation Principles\n## Enabling Objectives\n## Terrestrial Coordinate System\n## Great Circle and Small Circle\n## Projections: Mercator Projection","[{\"question\":\"What are the main reference lines for latitude and longitude?\",\"answer\":\"Equator is the reference for latitude, while the Prime Meridian is the reference for longitude. Latitude is measured north or south from the equator, and longitude is measured east or west from the prime meridian.\"},{\"question\":\"How are latitude and longitude expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds?\",\"answer\":\"Both are described in degrees, minutes, and seconds with N/S for latitude and E/W for longitude. Latitude uses two digits for degrees, and longitude uses three digits for degrees.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the key differences between great-circle routes and rhumb lines?\",\"answer\":\"Great circles are formed by planes that intersect the Earth’s center, while small circles are formed by planes that do not pass through the center. Mercator projection represents rhumb lines, meridians, and parallels as straight lines, but great-circle distances and directions are not readily determinable.\"}]","Navigation Principles - Terrestrial Coordinate System and Projections | PDF",78]