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SADDAM HOSSAIN MUKTA, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Bangladesh  \nMD ADNANUL ISLAM, Action Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Australia AKIB ZAMAN, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Bangladesh  \nROLF SCHWITTER, School of Computing, Macquarie University, Australia  \nIdentifying requirements for an information system is an important task and conceptual modelling is the first step in this process. Conceptual modelling plays a critical role in the information system design process and usually involves domain experts and knowledge engineers who brainstorm together to identify the required knowledge to build an information system. The conceptual modelling process starts with the collection of necessary information from the domain experts by the knowledge engineers. Afterwards, the knowledge engineers use traditional model driven engineering techniques to design the system based on the collected information. Natural language–based conceptual modelling frameworks or systems are used to help domain experts and knowledge engineers in eliciting requirements and building conceptual models from a natural language text. In this article, we discuss the state ofthe art of some recent conceptual modelling frameworks that are based on natural language. We take a closer look at how these frameworks are built, in particular at the underlying motivation, architecture, types of natural language used (e.g., restricted vs. unrestricted), types of the conceptual model generated, verification support of the requirements specifications as well asthe conceptual models, and underlying knowledge representation formalism. We also discuss some future research opportunities that these frameworks offer.  \nCCS Concepts: • Software and its engineering → Requirements analysis; • General and reference → Surveys and overviews; • Information systems → Relational database model; • Theory ofcomputation → Logic;  \nAdditional Key Words and Phrases: Natural language processing, information extraction, conceptual modelling, knowledge representation, semantic round-tripping  \nAuthors’ addresses: B. A. Hossain, School of Computing, Mathematics and Engineering, Charles Sturt University, Panorama Ave, Bathurst 2795, Australia; email: [bhossain@csu.edu.au](bhossain@csu.edu.au); Md. S. H. Mukta and A. Zaman, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, Madani Avenue, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; Md. A. Islam, Action Lab, Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia; R. Schwitter, School of Computing, Macquarie University, Balaclava Rd., Macquarie Park, Sydney 2109, Australia.  \nPermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, [requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from](requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org)[ permissions@acm.org](requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org).  \n© 2023 Copyright held by the owner/author(s) . Publication rights licensed to ACM.  \n0360-0300/2023/08-ART12 $15.00  \n[https://doi.org/10.1145/3596597](https://doi.org/10.1145/3596597)  \nACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 56, No. 1, Article 1","cbCaistf7NFkDrO1","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaistf7NFkDrO1","pdf",4406681,26,"English","# Introduction\n## Natural language-based conceptual modelling and requirements elicitation\n## Model-driven engineering techniques and challenges\n# Conceptual modelling frameworks (state of the art)\n## Motivation, architecture, and natural language types\n## Generated model types and verification support\n## Knowledge representation formalisms\n# Future opportunities","[{\"question\":\"What role does conceptual modelling play in building an information system?\",\"answer\":\"Conceptual modelling elicits and describes relevant knowledge needed to build an information system. It is treated as the first step in identifying requirements for the system.\"},{\"question\":\"How do natural language–based conceptual modelling frameworks help stakeholders?\",\"answer\":\"They help domain experts and knowledge engineers elicit requirements and build conceptual models directly from a natural language text, supported by natural language processing and related techniques.\"},{\"question\":\"Which aspects of existing frameworks are analyzed, and what future work is discussed?\",\"answer\":\"The discussion covers how frameworks are built, including motivation, architecture, natural language types, conceptual model types, verification support, and knowledge representation formalisms. It also highlights future research opportunities provided by these frameworks.\"}]","Natural Language–Based Conceptual Modelling Frameworks - State of the Art and Future Opportunities | PDF",66]