[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-113471-en":3,"doc-seo-113471-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},113471,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",8,"Research & Report","Natural Disasters, Poverty and Inequality - New Metrics for Fairer Policies","Conventional disaster risk assessments underestimate the human and macroeconomic costs of disasters because they emphasize asset losses while overlooking how vulnerability interacts with development. Poor households recover more slowly, face long-term consequences, and often incur persistent health or education burdens when forced to trade off essential consumption against reconstruction. The chapter reviews research on the natural disaster–poverty–inequality nexus and evaluates metrics to capture recovery times, economic losses, poverty and inequality, and welfare impacts. It argues that broader accounting of well-being losses and socioeconomic resilience can better inform risk management and climate adaptation policies.","Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nAUTHOR ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT  \nFINAL PUBLICATION INFORMATION  \nNatural Disasters, Poverty and Inequality  \nNew Metrics for Fairer Policies  \nThe definitive version of the text was subsequently published in  \nThe Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of the Environment,, 2021-10-28  \nPublished by Taylor and Francis and found at [http://dx.doi.org/](http://dx.doi.org/)[https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367814533](https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367814533)  \nTHE FINAL PUBLISHED VERSION OF THIS MANUSCRIPT IS AVAILABLE ON THE PUBLISHER’S PLATFORM  \nThis Author Accepted Manuscript is copyrighted by World Bank and published by Taylor and Francis. It is posted here by agreement between them. Changes resulting from the publishing process—such as editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms—may not be reflected in this version of the text.  \nYou may download, copy, and distribute this Author Accepted Manuscript for noncommercial purposes. Your license is limited by the following restrictions:  \n(1) You may use this Author Accepted Manuscript for noncommercial purposes only under a CC BY 3.0 IGO license [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo).  \n(2) The integrity of the work and identification of the author, copyright owner, and publisher must be preserved in any copy.  \n(3) You must attribute this Author Accepted Manuscript in the following format: This is an Author Accepted Manuscript by Hallegatte, Stephane; Walsh, Brian Natural Disasters, Poverty and Inequality ©  \nWorld Bank, published in the The Routledge Handbook of the Political Economy of the Environment 2021-10-28 CC BY 3.0 IGO [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo) [http://dx.doi.org/](http://dx.doi.org/)[https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.4324/9780367814533](doi.org/10.4324/9780367814533)  \n© 2021 World Bank  \nNatural disasters, poverty and inequality  \nnew metrics for fairer policies  \nStephane Hallegatte and Brian Walsh 1 The World Bank  \nConventional risk assessments underestimate the human and macroeconomic costs of  \ndisasters, leading to inefficient risk management strategies. This happens because conventional assessments focus on asset losses, neglecting important relationships between vulnerability and development. When affected by a hazard, poor households take longer to recover from disasters and are more likely to face long-term consequences. Forced to manage trade-offs between essential consumption and reconstruction, these households are more likely to face persistent health or education costs. This chapter proposes a review of existing research into the natural disaster-poverty-inequality nexus and the various metrics that can be used to measure disaster impacts, such as recovery times, economic (income or consumption) losses, poverty incidence, inequality, and welfare or well-being losses. Each of these metrics provides a different perspective on disaster costs and suggest different spatial and sectoral priorities for action. Focusing on the concepts of well-being losses and socioeconomic resilience, this chapter shows how more comprehensive accounting of disaster impacts can better inform disaster risk management and climate change adaptation strategies and support their integration into development and poverty-reduction policies.  \n1. Introduction  \nWorldwide, natural disasters pose a growing threat to economic and political stability. According to Munich Re, economic losses to natural disasters averaged US$187 billion per year from 2009-2018, a 30 percent increase over the inflation-adjusted 30-year average (Munich Re 2019) . This increase is driven largely by economic growth and urbanization, poverty and inequality, and climate change, each of which presents unprecedented challenges in the decades ahead.  \nIn a world of massive inequalities withi","cbCait0XFSI4mNE8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCait0XFSI4mNE8","pdf",597975,1,24,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Limits of conventional asset-loss risk assessment\n## Proposed nexus: disasters, poverty, inequality\n## Metrics to measure disaster impacts\n## Implications for policy and adaptation","[{\"question\":\"Why do conventional disaster risk assessments underestimate disaster impacts?\",\"answer\":\"They typically measure severity through direct damages and asset replacement costs, while neglecting important links between vulnerability and development and omitting impacts on health, education, and quality of life.\"},{\"question\":\"How do disasters affect poor households differently?\",\"answer\":\"After a hazard, poor households take longer to recover and are more likely to experience long-term consequences, including persistent health or education costs due to trade-offs between consumption needs and reconstruction.\"},{\"question\":\"Which metrics does the chapter highlight for measuring disaster impacts?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses metrics spanning recovery times, economic losses (income or consumption), poverty incidence, inequality, and welfare or well-being losses, each offering different perspectives for prioritizing 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