[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-374669-105":59,"doc-detail-374669-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","natural-carrier-systems-in-cancer-vaccines-and-immunotherapy-review","Natural carrier systems in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy - review","","Cancer, driven by uncontrolled cell growth, is a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional therapies like chemotherapy and radiation can be effective but frequently cause significant adverse effects, motivating the development of cancer vaccines and immunotherapy that harness the immune system to attack tumors. Central to this approach is efficient delivery of therapeutic agents to immune cells or tumor sites, where natural carriers such as exosomes, archaeosomes, virosomes, and dendritic cells are promising. This review evaluates their advantages in biocompatibility, low toxicity, and immune activation, while discussing key challenges including production consistency and tumor heterogeneity. Future directions include personalized vaccines and combination therapies to advance these carrier platforms for improved outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/natural-carrier-systems-in-cancer-vaccines-and-immunotherapy-review/374669/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/natural-carrier-systems-in-cancer-vaccines-and-immunotherapy-review/374669.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Cipher","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are cancer vaccines and immunotherapy being developed instead of relying only on chemotherapy and radiation?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Chemotherapy and radiation can cause substantial side effects that negatively affect patients’ quality of life. Vaccines and immunotherapies aim to use the body’s immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells with potentially different benefit-risk profiles.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What natural carrier systems are discussed for delivering therapeutic agents?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The review highlights exosomes, archaeosomes, virosomes, and dendritic cells as promising natural carriers for transporting vaccine antigens or therapeutic agents to immune cells and tumor sites.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What challenges and future directions does the review emphasize for these carrier-based approaches?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Key challenges include production consistency and tumor heterogeneity. Future directions include personalized vaccines and combination therapies that improve effectiveness and help advance these natural carrier systems in cancer treatment.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},374669,1790269767,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687208528416,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","REVIEW  \nNatural carrier systems in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy  \nIman Owliaeea, Mohammad Shoushtarib, Zhina Karimic, and Ali Shojaeian c  \naDepartment of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; bDepartment of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; cResearch Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Cancer, Avicenna Health Research Institute, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran  \nABSTRACT  \nCancer, marked by uncontrolled cell growth, is a leading global cause of death. Conventional cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, for all their use, often come with severe side effects. This has really pushed the development of immunotherapies and cancer vaccines, which try to leverage the body’s immune system to fight tumors. Effective delivery of therapeutic agents to immune cells or tumors is critical, and natural carriers such as exosomes, archaeosomes, virosomes, and dendritic cells offer promising solutions. These systems excel in biocompatibility, low toxicity, and immune activation compared to synthetic alternatives. This review examines their role in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy, highlighting challenges like production consistency and tumor heterogeneity. Future directions include personalized vaccines and combination therapies, advancing these natural carriers in the fight against cancer.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 23 March 2025 Revised 27 June 2025 Accepted 15 July 2025  \nKEYWORDS  \nCancer; exosome; archaeosomes; virosome; immunotherapy  \nIntroduction  \nCancer, characterized by the uncontrolled development and multiplication of aberrant cells, remains a persistent global health concern and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Untreated cancer has the potential to metastasize to other body areas, leading to severe health complications.1 The scale of this challenge is immense: in 2022, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated 20 million new cancer cases and 9.7 million deaths globally. Approximately one in five individuals will develop cancer in their lifetime, with about one in nine men and one in twelve women succumbing to the disease.2  \nTraditional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation, have proven successful in some people; nevertheless, these treatments frequently come with several substantial side effects that can have a detrimental influence on the quality of life of cancer patients.3 Consequently, researchers have been looking into alternative treatments, such as cancer vaccines and immunotherapy, which use the immune system’s ability to recognize and eliminate cancer cells.3 Over the past few decades, the FDA has approved several important cancer vaccines for both prevention and treatment. Preventive vaccines include the Hepatitis B vaccine (1986) for liver cancer risk reduction and Gardasil 9® (2014) for HPV-related cancers.4–6 Therapeutic vaccines include BCG (1990) for bladder cancer,7 Sipuleucel-T (Provenge®)(2010) for prostate cancer,8 and Talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic®) (2015) for melanoma.9 Together, these approvals mark key advancements in cancer immunotherapy. Also, neoantigen-based vaccines are gaining attention as a personalized immunotherapy strategy in the evolving cancer treatment landscape. These vaccines, which are designed to target tumor-specific mutations, are currently being explored in numerous clinical trials. Often used alongside immune checkpoint inhibitors such as nivolumab, pembrolizumab, and ipilimumab, they are showing promise across several cancer types, including lung, colorectal, melanoma, and glioblastoma. Notable platforms like GRANITE,10 Nous-209, 10, 11 NeoVax, 12 NEO-PV-01, 13 and RO7198457 14 have reached early-and mid-stage clinical trials, where they have demonstrated strong safety profiles and the ability to trigger immune responses specific to tumor neoantigens. 15, 16 While  \nCONTACT Ali Shojaeian  [ali.shojaei","cbCaibqw6pF1iKFy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibqw6pF1iKFy","pdf",3829833,39,"English","# Introduction\n## Cancer burden and limitations of conventional therapies\n## Cancer vaccines and immunotherapy approvals and platforms","[{\"question\":\"Why are cancer vaccines and immunotherapy being developed instead of relying only on chemotherapy and radiation?\",\"answer\":\"Chemotherapy and radiation can cause substantial side effects that negatively affect patients’ quality of life. Vaccines and immunotherapies aim to use the body’s immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer cells with potentially different benefit-risk profiles.\"},{\"question\":\"What natural carrier systems are discussed for delivering therapeutic agents?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights exosomes, archaeosomes, virosomes, and dendritic cells as promising natural carriers for transporting vaccine antigens or therapeutic agents to immune cells and tumor sites.\"},{\"question\":\"What challenges and future directions does the review emphasize for these carrier-based approaches?\",\"answer\":\"Key challenges include production consistency and tumor heterogeneity. Future directions include personalized vaccines and combination therapies that improve effectiveness and help advance these natural carrier systems in cancer treatment.\"}]","Natural carrier systems in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy - review | PDF",1790202135,98]