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Restrictive voting laws are increasing, while legal routes to challenge them under today’s voting-rights framework are contracting. This Note argues for a new approach to understanding and countering Native American voter suppression through tribal sovereignty.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/native-voting-power-enhancing-tribal-sovereignty-in-federal-elections/605548/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/native-voting-power-enhancing-tribal-sovereignty-in-federal-elections/605548.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Indoniesian Boy","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-10-16",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What voting barriers are tribal nations facing in federal elections?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Tribal communities confront strict identification and registration requirements, inadequate language assistance, and polling locations that are difficult to access. These barriers make voting substantially harder for many Native citizens.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the Note reinterpret voter suppression using a tribal sovereignty framework?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It argues that suppressing the Native vote denies not only individual citizenship rights but also sovereign power belonging to tribes. It highlights longstanding and current state actions that undermine tribal sovereignty in election administration.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What legislative mechanism does the Note propose to enhance Native voting power?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The Note proposes that Congress require negotiation of tribal-state compacts for federal election administration. These compacts would shift burdens from tribes to an agreed process, address gaps in voter assistance, and support legal challenges to unlawful restrictions.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},605548,1792431680,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":52,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962090760608,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","N O E L L E N . WY M A N  \nNative Voting Power: Enhancing Tribal Sovereignty in Federal Elections  \nabstract . Members of tribal nations are disproportionately burdened by barriers to voting, from strict voter identification and registration requirements to inadequate language assistance and inaccessible polling locations. Restrictive voting laws are on the rise, while the avenues for challenging them under the prevailing model of voting rights are narrowing. This Note advocates for a different approach to conceptualizing and combatting Native American voter suppression.  \nFirst, it advances a new jurisprudential theory centered on tribal sovereignty: suppressing the Native vote not only denies rights to individual citizens but also denies sovereign power to tribes. Historically, states required Native American people to renounce tribal membership, culture, and lands to vote. Today, states and localities continue to denigrate tribal sovereignty in the administration of elections, such as by rejecting tribal-issued IDs and interfering with tribes’ organization of their own political communities. Apart from securing the fundamental rights of individual Native citizens, Congress has a substantive duty to secure tribal sovereignty in federal election administration that is rooted in its trust obligation to tribes.  \nSecond, this Note proposes a new legal framework for enhancing Native voting power: Congress should require states and local election officials to negotiate with federally recognized tribes toward the formation of tribal-state compacts governing federal election administration in Indian Country. This framework would relieve tribes of the burdens that they currently carry to initiate collaboration with local election officials, fill gaps in voter assistance, and challenge unlawful voting restrictions in court. Meanwhile, it would involve tribes in the process of lawmaking and regulation, enabling them to exert a measure of sovereign power over federal elections in Indian Country.  \nauthor . J.D. 2022, Yale Law School; B.A. 2017, Columbia University. My deepest thanks to Gerald Torres and Douglas Spencer for supervising this project, and to Heather K. Gerken, Sam Heavenrich, K.N. McCleary, Stephen Pevar, and Carlos M. Vázquez, among others, for their help and insights. I am also indebted to Saylor Soinski, Jessica Huang, Milo Hudson, Angela Uribe, Alan Chen, and countless other editors of the Yale Law Journal for their invaluable support in preparing this Note for publication.  \nnote contents  \nintroduction 863  \ni. the anti discrimination model of voting rights 867  \nA. The Rise and Decline of the VRA 868  \nB. Efforts to Revive Voting Rights 873  \nC. Beyond Rights-Based Reform 875  \nii. the sovereignty model of voting power 877  \nA. Voter Suppression from a Sovereignty Lens 877  \n1. Historical Tribal-Abandonment Requirements 879  \n2. Voter Suppression and Tribal Sovereignty Today 883  \n3. Tribal Interests in Federal Elections 886  \nB. Voting Power as a Federal Trust Responsibility 887  \niii. a legislative proposal: tribal-state compacts 890  \nA. Background on Tribal-State Cooperation 891  \nB. The Framework 895  \n1. Compact Formation 895  \n2. Federal Funding 897  \n3. Administrative Enforcement 898  \n4. An Alternative Model 899  \nC. Congressional Authority 902  \n1. Elections Clause Power and Plenary Power 902  \n2. Overcoming Anticommandeering Concerns 904  \nD. Pragmatic Advantages 905  \n1. Avoiding Reliance on Discrimination Claims 905  \n2. Harmonizing with Election-Law Doctrine 907  \nconclusion 908  \nnative voting power  \nintroduction  \nThe trajectory of voting rights in the United States displays both “the best of America” and “the worst of America.”1 In the second half of the twentieth century, following the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 (VRA), voting steadily became more accessible and gaps in racial turnout dwindled.2 Now, restrictive voting laws are proliferating in what some have termed “Jim Crow 2.0,”3 while th","cbCairXm5pcN4h4e","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairXm5pcN4h4e","pdf",982045,49,"English","# Introduction\n# The anti discrimination model of voting rights\n## The Rise and Decline of the VRA\n## Efforts to Revive Voting Rights\n## Beyond Rights-Based Reform\n# The sovereignty model of voting power\n## Voter Suppression from a Sovereignty Lens\n## Voting Power as a Federal Trust Responsibility\n# A legislative proposal: tribal-state compacts\n## Background on Tribal-State Cooperation\n## The Framework\n## Compact Formation\n## Federal Funding\n## Administrative Enforcement\n## An Alternative Model\n## Congressional Authority\n## Elections Clause Power and Plenary Power\n## Overcoming Anticommandeering Concerns\n## Pragmatic Advantages\n## Avoiding Reliance on Discrimination Claims\n## Harmonizing with Election-Law Doctrine\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"What voting barriers are tribal nations facing in federal elections?\",\"answer\":\"Tribal communities confront strict identification and registration requirements, inadequate language assistance, and polling locations that are difficult to access. These barriers make voting substantially harder for many Native citizens.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the Note reinterpret voter suppression using a tribal sovereignty framework?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that suppressing the Native vote denies not only individual citizenship rights but also sovereign power belonging to tribes. It highlights longstanding and current state actions that undermine tribal sovereignty in election administration.\"},{\"question\":\"What legislative mechanism does the Note propose to enhance Native voting power?\",\"answer\":\"The Note proposes that Congress require negotiation of tribal-state compacts for federal election administration. These compacts would shift burdens from tribes to an agreed process, address gaps in voter assistance, and support legal challenges to unlawful restrictions.\"}]","Native Voting Power - Enhancing Tribal Sovereignty in Federal Elections | PDF",1792132600,123]