[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-595520-105":59,"doc-detail-595520-en":134},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":127,"head_meta":129,"extra_data":131,"updated_unix":133},105,"en","native-language-effects-on-spelling-in-english-as-a-foreign-language-a-time-course-analysis","Native Language Effects on Spelling in English as a Foreign Language - A Time-Course Analysis","","The study investigates how first-language (L1) orthographic transparency shapes spelling mechanisms in English as a foreign language (EFL). Danish, Russian, and Italian adult learners (n=60 total) and native English speakers (n=20) spelled 30 irregular English words while keystroke logs captured timing and error patterns. Although hesitation measures were similar across groups, inter-onset-to-rime intervals were longer for Danes and native English speakers, not for Russians or Italians. Findings are discussed as consequences of L1 orthographic characteristics.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/native-language-effects-on-spelling-in-english-as-a-foreign-language-a-time-course-analysis/595520/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/native-language-effects-on-spelling-in-english-as-a-foreign-language-a-time-course-analysis/595520.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Well Done","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study examine about spelling in EFL?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines how first-language (L1) influences the cognitive mechanisms of spelling in English as a foreign language, focusing on orthographic transparency effects.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were participants tested?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Adult speakers of Danish, Russian, and Italian, plus native English speakers, typed spellings of 30 irregular English words while keystroke logs were recorded.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main findings regarding hesitation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The amount of hesitation, including corrections and long within-word pauses, was equal across participant groups, which disconfirmed the first hypothesis.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"How did L1 orthography transparency relate to timing patterns?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"Inter-key intervals between onsets and rhymes were longer for Danes and native English speakers, but not for Russians or Italians, supporting cross-linguistic differences linked to L1 characteristics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},595520,1792189472,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":143,"language":144,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":145,"faqs":146,"seo_title":147,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":148,"read_time":149,"preview_page_count":4},5909892210082,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/56001069da27c9f41e8?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1789614185077863061","Native Language Effects on Spelling in English as a Foreign Language:  \nA Time-Course Analysis  \nNadya Dich  \nCornell University  \nBo Pedersen  \nRosetta Stone Labs  \nAbstract  \nThe study explores first language (L1) influences on the mechanisms of spelling in English as a foreign language (EFL) . We hypothesized that the transparency of L1 orthography influences (a) the amount of hesitation associated with spelling irregular English words, and (b) the size of units EFL spellers operate. Participants were adult speakers of three languages differing by the degree of transparency, Danish, Russian, and Italian (n = 60), and a group of English native speakers (n = 20) . We analyzed keystroke logs from typed spellings of 30 English words. The amount of hesitation (number of corrections and number of long within-word pauses), was equal across all participants groups, thus disconfirming our first hypothesis. Inter-key intervals between onsets and rhymes were longer than within-rhyme intervals, but only in Danes and native English speakers, and not in Russiansand Italians. We discuss how the characteristics of the L1 may explain the observed crosslinguistic differences.  \nRésumé  \nL'étude explore l'influence de la langue maternelle sur les mécanismes de l'écriture en anglais langue étrangère. Nous avons supposé que la transparence orthographique de la langue maternelle influencerait (a) le degré d'hésitation associé à l'écriture des mots anglais irréguliers et (b) les unités orthographiques que les apprenants de l’anglais langue étrangère utilisent en écrivant. Les participants (apprenants de l’anglais [n = 60] danois, russes et italiens, et un groupe anglophone [n = 20]) ont épelé 30 mots anglais irréguliers à l’ordinateur; les frappes de touche ont été enregistrées. Le degré d'hésitation (le nombre de corrections et le nombre de pauses longues) était uniforme dans tous les quatre groupes, ce qui infirme la première hypothèse. Les intervalles entre attaques et rimes étaient plus longs que les intervalles entre noyaux et codas, mais seulement chez les Danois et les Anglophones, et pas chez les Russes et les Italiens. Nous discutons comment lescaractéristiques de la langue maternelle peuvent expliquer les résultats.  \nThe Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics: 16, 1 (2013): 51-68  \nCJAL * RCLA Dich, Pedersen 52  \nIntroduction  \nA growing number of studies reveal that spelling is a complex cognitive phenomenon relying on sophisticated linguistic knowledge (Caravolas, Hulme, & Snowling, 2001; Fischer, Shankweiler, & Liberman, 1985; Pollo, Treiman, & Kessler, 2007) . While cross-linguistic studies of spelling are still relatively scarce, an intriguing pattern of evidence has emerged suggesting that the way people learn to spell is in part shaped by the characteristics of their native language and the writing system (orthography) it uses.  \nThe most well-known cross-linguistic differences in the mechanisms of literacy acquisition are those between alphabetic and non-alphabetic languages. While in alphabetic literacy, phonological skills (the ability to manipulate individual syllables, rhymes and in particular phonemes) play a major role (Allyn & Burt, 1998; Caravolas et al., 2001; Landerl & Wimmer, 2008; Lundberg, Frost, & Petersen, 1988; Muller & Brady, 2001), in nonalphabetic writing systems, of which Chinese appears to be the most well-studied case, the link between phonological skills and literacy is less uncontroversial (Chen & Lin, 2008; Hanley, 2005) . But even within the family of alphabetic orthographies, the cognitive skills involved in literacy are not identical across different languages. It has been shown that learning to read and write is easier (and faster) in transparent orthographies, i.e. orthographies where correspondences between letters and sounds are consistent, as in Italian or Finnish, than in opaque orthographies, where these correspondences are inconsistent, as in English or Danish (Caravolas, 2004; Caravolas & B","cbCaimks09peaVSG","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimks09peaVSG","pdf",246596,18,"English","# Abstract\n## Research question and hypotheses\n## Participants and experimental task\n## Measures: hesitation and timing\n## Results overview\n## Discussion framework\n# Introduction\n## Cross-linguistic patterns in literacy acquisition\n## Transparent vs opaque orthographies\n## Orthographic depth and larger spelling units\n## Evidence from reading studies\n## Spelling unit sizes across languages","[{\"question\":\"What does the study examine about spelling in EFL?\",\"answer\":\"It examines how first-language (L1) influences the cognitive mechanisms of spelling in English as a foreign language, focusing on orthographic transparency effects.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants tested?\",\"answer\":\"Adult speakers of Danish, Russian, and Italian, plus native English speakers, typed spellings of 30 irregular English words while keystroke logs were recorded.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings regarding hesitation?\",\"answer\":\"The amount of hesitation, including corrections and long within-word pauses, was equal across participant groups, which disconfirmed the first hypothesis.\"},{\"question\":\"How did L1 orthography transparency relate to timing patterns?\",\"answer\":\"Inter-key intervals between onsets and rhymes were longer for Danes and native English speakers, but not for Russians or Italians, supporting cross-linguistic differences linked to L1 characteristics.\"}]","Native Language Effects on Spelling in English as a Foreign Language - A Time-Course Analysis | PDF",1792081308,45]