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It also discusses international precedents and the Common Core draft for English language arts and mathematics.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/","Exam",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/national-standards-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/599674/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/national-standards-yesterday-today-and-tomorrow/599674.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"jayni","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",5,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What problems in U.S. education does the text link to the push for national standards?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It connects national standards to disparities in students’ academic achievement and to the growing emphasis on meeting Adequate Yearly Progress under No Child Left Behind.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How does the text define the term “standards”?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"It uses the National Academy of Sciences’ distinction between content standards (what students should learn) and performance standards (the proficiency level expected).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What is the major concern discussed about adopting common national standards?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The text highlights that state governments and local school boards could lose control over curriculum, and that a national assessment would likely follow.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},599674,1792589982,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,95,99,104,109,114,119,122,126],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":93,"slug":94},70,"exam",{"id":55,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":100,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":101,"show_sort_weight":102,"slug":103},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":105,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":117,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":121},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":125},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":129},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":131},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":132,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":33,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":115,"language":139,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},3985747859343,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","National Standards: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow  \nLynda B. Leavitt & Beth Kania-Gosche, Lindenwood University  \nIntroduction  \nEducators in the United States continue to struggle with the disparity in academic achievement of their students and with the ever-increasing emphasis on meeting Adequate Yearly Progress, for No Child Left Behind. Looking at data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, the Education Trust concluded that,“By the time [minority students] reach grade 12, if they do so at all, minority students are about four years behind other young people”(National Governors Association, 2003, p. 2) . From this struggle, the topic of national standards has risen to the forefront. National standards appear to be a solution to the inequities between individual state standards and a way to provide equitable learning opportunities for all students. National standards could also provide educators with an opportunity to measure and compare the United States and other nations. However, common standards could mean state governments and local school boards, within local school districts, could lose control over the curriculum. If the adoption of national standards became reality, a national assessment would have to follow. This controversial issue has become relevant for not only teachers and administrators but for the entire country. The debate is not new; over 50 years ago, President Dwight D. Eisenhower announced a need for national goals (Carmichael, Wilson, Finn, Winkler, & Palmieri, 2009) . In the 1990s, attempts at voluntary national standards and assessments were proposed but never materialized due to political pressure (Toch, 2009) .  \nWhat is meant by the term ‘standards’? This article will use the definition of the National Academy of Sciences for their workshop on Assessing the Role of K-12 Academic Standards,“generally used to refer to both content standards, which describe material that students should be expected to learn, and performance standards, which describe the level of proficiency or mastery expected of students…Most state standards specify both”(Beatty, 2008, p. 2) . NCLB theoretically aligns state standardized assessments with that particular state’s standards and thus, teachers are required to use them for instructional planning, especially as states release curriculum frameworks, becoming more and more specific about what concepts are being taught and how they will be assessed.  \nMuch like current state standards, national standards could provide for each state specific guidelines on which to develop individual school district curricula in each content area. In their report The State of State Standards, Finn, Julian, and Petrilli (2006) claimed, although over half of states have replaced their standards and even more revised them, “state academic standards are no better in 2006 than they were six years earlier. And far too many of them are unsatisfactory”(p. 9) . It is the authors’ viewpoint that NCLB has not served to improve state  \nCritical Questions in Education Volume 1:2 109  \nstandards and may even encourage states to lower their level of proficiency on tests. Alignment of assessments to the state standards also remains an issue, especially for the classroom teachers who may be left to interpret poorly written curriculum. There are no indicators to support that national standards will lead to an increase of student achievement.“Much of the impetus behind national standards has little to do with evidence or any sort of inherent national-standards superiority…it’s about No Child Left Behind”(McCluskey, 2009, para.11) .  \nThe difference is in who develops the standards. Many national teacher organizations that focus in particular content areas already have in place a set of national standards, such as mathematics or language arts, created by their national professional associations, the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics for example. However, there is no mandate for the use","cbCaibPowxZ1zkWd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibPowxZ1zkWd","pdf",139250,"English","# Introduction\n## Definition and role of K-12 standards\n## Pros, cons, and assessment alignment\n## Who develops standards and international context\n## Common Core draft and stakeholder responses","[{\"question\":\"What problems in U.S. education does the text link to the push for national standards?\",\"answer\":\"It connects national standards to disparities in students’ academic achievement and to the growing emphasis on meeting Adequate Yearly Progress under No Child Left Behind.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the text define the term “standards”?\",\"answer\":\"It uses the National Academy of Sciences’ distinction between content standards (what students should learn) and performance standards (the proficiency level expected).\"},{\"question\":\"What is the major concern discussed about adopting common national standards?\",\"answer\":\"The text highlights that state governments and local school boards could lose control over curriculum, and that a national assessment would likely follow.\"}]","National Standards - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow | PDF",1792089230,23]