[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-380436-105":59,"doc-detail-380436-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","narrative-review-of-immunotherapy-in-gastroentero-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-neoplasms","Narrative Review of Immunotherapy in Gastroentero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms","","Gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are rare, heterogeneous tumors arising from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, with variable clinical behavior and prognosis. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown notable activity across malignancies by leveraging the body’s immune system, with encouraging results reported in advanced and refractory GEP-NENs. Objective responses and disease stabilization occur in subsets, but efficacy varies by tumor features, immune microenvironment, and patient factors. Identifying predictive biomarkers remains a key challenge, and ongoing studies explore combination strategies to improve outcomes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/narrative-review-of-immunotherapy-in-gastroentero-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-neoplasms/380436/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/narrative-review-of-immunotherapy-in-gastroentero-pancreatic-neuroendocrine-neoplasms/380436.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Đào","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs)?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"GEP-NENs are rare tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. They are heterogeneous and can differ widely in clinical behavior and prognosis.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibition, work for GEP-NENs?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Immunotherapy harnesses the body’s immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. In GEP-NENs, immune checkpoint inhibitors have produced promising outcomes in some advanced and refractory cases.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why is it difficult to predict which GEP-NEN patients benefit from immunotherapy?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Efficacy varies depending on tumor characteristics, the immune microenvironment, and patient factors. The review emphasizes that finding predictive biomarkers is still an ongoing challenge.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},380436,1790507099,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":105,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41},1374402968488,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nNarrative Review of Immunotherapy in Gastroentero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms  \nJasmeet Kaur  and Namrata Vijayvergia *  \nCitation: Kaur, J.; Vijayvergia, N. Narrative Review of Immunotherapy in Gastroentero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Curr. Oncol. 2023, 30, 8653–8664. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090627](doi.org/10.3390/curroncol30090627)  \nReceived: 24 July 2023  \nRevised: 6 September 2023  \nAccepted: 19 September 2023  \nPublished: 21 September 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \nDepartment of Hematology/Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; [jasmeet.kaur@tuhs.temple.edu](jasmeet.kaur@tuhs.temple.edu)  \n* [Correspondence: namrata.vijayvergia@fccc.edu](Correspondence: namrata.vijayvergia@fccc.edu); Fax: +1-215-728-2639  \nAbstract: Gastroentero-pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a diverse group of rare tumors that arise from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas, and they can vary significantly in terms of clinical behavior and prognosis. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has shown remarkable success in various malignancies by harnessing the body's immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. Immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical studies in GEP-NENs have yielded promising outcomes, particularly in individuals with advanced and refractory disease. Objective responses and disease stabilization have been observed in some cases, even in those previously unresponsive to traditional treatments like chemotherapy or targeted therapies. However, it's important to note that the efficacy of immunotherapy in GEP-NENs can vary widely depending on tumor characteristics, the immune microenvironment, and patient factors. As such, identifying predictive biomarkers to select the most suitable patients for immunotherapy remains an ongoing challenge. Immunotherapy has considerable potential for treating GEP-NENs, but research is still in its early stages. Several combinations are being explored to enhance the effectiveness of immunotherapy and improve the outcomes of treatment, such as combining immunotherapy with other targeted therapies or chemotherapy.  \nKeywords: neuroendocrine neoplasm; neuroendocrine carcinoma; immunotherapy; gastroenteropancreatic; pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor  \n1. Introduction  \nGastro-enteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NEN) are relatively rare tumors, with an incidence of approximately 2.5 to 5 cases per 100,000 people per year [1] . They are more common in adults over the age of 50 and slightly more common in women than men. The incidence of GEP-NEN has been increasing over the past few decades, in part due to improved diagnostic techniques and increased awareness of the disease [1] . GEPNEN are heterogeneous tumors with a wide range of histopathological features. They can be classified into three main subtypes based on their location: foregut (stomach, duodenum, and pancreas), midgut (small intestine, appendix), and hindgut (colon and rectum) . The management of GEP-NEN depends on the location, grade, and stage of the tumor and requires multi-disciplinary input (Table 1) [2] . Surgical resection is the primary treatment for localized tumors, while systemic therapy with somatostatin analogs, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies may be used for advanced or metastatic disease. In addition, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for GEP-NEN, particularly for those with high levels of somatostatin receptors [2,3] . GEP-NENs represent an intriguing avenue of research","cbCaifgKuIAg2Ywc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifgKuIAg2Ywc","pdf",617479,"English","# Introduction\n## Description of the Literature Search","[{\"question\":\"What are gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs)?\",\"answer\":\"GEP-NENs are rare tumors originating from neuroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. They are heterogeneous and can differ widely in clinical behavior and prognosis.\"},{\"question\":\"How does immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibition, work for GEP-NENs?\",\"answer\":\"Immunotherapy harnesses the body’s immune system to target and eliminate cancer cells. In GEP-NENs, immune checkpoint inhibitors have produced promising outcomes in some advanced and refractory cases.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is it difficult to predict which GEP-NEN patients benefit from immunotherapy?\",\"answer\":\"Efficacy varies depending on tumor characteristics, the immune microenvironment, and patient factors. The review emphasizes that finding predictive biomarkers is still an ongoing challenge.\"}]","Narrative Review of Immunotherapy in Gastroentero-Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms | PDF",1790240165]