[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-346510-en":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":31,"doc-seo-346510-105":81},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},346510,34359740700684,"Finn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487",8,"Research & Report","Nanotherapeutic potential in glaucoma associated ocular cancers","Glaucoma-associated ocular cancers, including uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma, share overlapping pathological mechanisms that complicate diagnosis and treatment. Conventional imaging may not differentiate glaucomatous neurodegeneration from tumour-induced damage, while standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy can worsen glaucoma progression. This review highlights diagnostic and therapeutic barriers and the urgent need for integrated management using nanotechnology, including targeted nanotherapeutics and theranostic capabilities. It also discusses remaining challenges such as ocular barrier penetration, long-term biocompatibility, and regulatory complexity.","Lambuk et al. Discover Oncology (2026) 17:349 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-04169-5](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12672-025-04169-5)  \nDiscover Oncology  \nREVIEW Open Access  \nNanotherapeutic potential in glaucoma associated ocular cancers  \nLidawani Lambuk 1, Muhammad Zulfiqah Sadikan2, Mohd Aizuddin Mohd Lazaldin3, Fatmawati Lambuk4, Ramlah Kadir4, Norzila Ismail 5 and Rohimah Mohamud4*  \n*Correspondence: Rohimah Mohamud [rohimahm@usm. my](rohimahm@usm. my)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \nAbstract  \nGlaucoma-associated ocular cancers, including uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma, share overlapping pathological mechanisms that complicate diagnosis and treatment. Conventional imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography, often fail to distinguish glaucomatous neurodegeneration from tumour-induced damage, while standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy may exacerbate glaucoma progression. These diagnostic and therapeutic challenges highlight the urgent need for integrated management strategies. Recent advances in nanotechnology offer innovative solutions, with nanotherapeutics enabling targeted drug delivery, enhanced imaging contrast, and combined diagnostic–therapeutic (“theranostic”) capabilities. Various nanoparticle platforms have shown promise in improving ocular drug bioavailability, precision targeting, and real-time disease monitoring.  \nThis review synthesizes current progress in nanomedicine for glaucoma-associated cancers, emphasizing multifunctional nanoparticles that concurrently support tumour suppression and neuroprotection. Despite encouraging preclinical findings, significant challenges remain, including limited penetration across ocular barriers, uncertain long-term biocompatibility, and complex regulatory requirements. Continued interdisciplinary research integrating nanotechnology with gene editing and vector-based delivery systems may pave the way for personalized, vision-preserving therapies that redefine the treatment paradigm for glaucoma-associated ocular malignancies.  \nKeywords Nanotherapeutics, Glaucoma-associated ocular cancers, Ocular drug delivery, Theranostic, Targeted ocular therapy  \n1 Introduction  \nGlaucoma is a chronic, progressive eye disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, characterized by optic nerve damage often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) [1]. Known as the “silent thief of sight,” glaucoma progresses insidiously and often without symptoms, leading to irreversible vision loss before diagnosis. This asymptomatic onset poses major challenges for early detection and highlight its significance as a global public health concern [2]. Despite advancements in  \n© The Author(s) 2025, corrected publication 2026. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons](http://creativecommons). org/licenses/by/4.0/.  \nLambuk et al. Discover Oncology (2026) 17:349 Page 2 of 28  \nmanagement, glaucoma remains incurable, highlighting the persistent need for innova  \ntive approaches [3].  \nThis challenge is exacerbated when glaucoma overlaps with ocular cancers, such as uveal melanoma, retinoblastoma, and choroidal melanoma [4, 5]. Epidemiologi","cbCaidXq6rtcyk5u","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidXq6rtcyk5u","pdf",1501541,2,1,28,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1 Introduction\n## 1.1 Glaucoma as a leading cause of irreversible blindness\n## 1.2 Bidirectional links between glaucoma and ocular cancers","[{\"question\":\"Which ocular cancers are discussed as being associated with glaucoma?\",\"answer\":\"The document focuses on glaucoma-associated ocular cancers, including uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma, and also mentions choroidal melanoma. It describes how these conditions share overlapping pathological mechanisms.\"},{\"question\":\"Why do conventional diagnostic methods struggle in these patients?\",\"answer\":\"Standard imaging, including optical coherence tomography, often fails to distinguish glaucomatous neurodegeneration from tumour-induced damage. This limits diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.\"},{\"question\":\"How can nanotechnology-based therapies help, and what challenges remain?\",\"answer\":\"Nanotherapeutics can enable targeted drug delivery, improved imaging contrast, and theranostic (combined diagnostic–therapeutic) functions. Remaining obstacles include limited ocular barrier penetration, uncertain long-term biocompatibility, and complex regulatory requirements.\"}]","Nanotherapeutic potential in glaucoma associated ocular cancers | PDF",1790061746,71,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":32},[33,38,42,47,52,57,62,65,70,73,77],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":39,"show_sort_weight":40,"slug":41},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":43,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":44,"show_sort_weight":45,"slug":46},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":50,"slug":51},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":54,"show_sort_weight":55,"slug":56},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":58,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":59,"show_sort_weight":60,"slug":61},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":63,"slug":64},30,"research-report",{"id":66,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":67,"show_sort_weight":68,"slug":69},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":68,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":71,"show_sort_weight":68,"slug":72},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":74,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":75,"show_sort_weight":74,"slug":76},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":78,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":34,"category_name":79,"show_sort_weight":48,"slug":80},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":84,"title":13,"keywords":85,"description":14,"schema_data":86,"social_meta":140,"head_meta":142,"extra_data":144,"updated_unix":145},"nanotherapeutic-potential-in-glaucoma-associated-ocular-cancers","",{"@graph":87,"@context":139},[88,102,122],{"@type":89,"itemListElement":90},"BreadcrumbList",[91,95,97,100],{"item":92,"name":93,"@type":94,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":96,"name":34,"@type":94,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":98,"name":12,"@type":94,"position":99},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":101,"name":13,"@type":94,"position":43},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nanotherapeutic-potential-in-glaucoma-associated-ocular-cancers/346510/",{"url":101,"name":13,"@type":103,"image":104,"author":109,"headline":13,"publisher":111,"fileFormat":114,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":115,"datePublished":116,"encodingFormat":114,"isAccessibleForFree":117,"interactionStatistic":118},"DigitalDocument",{"url":105,"@type":106,"width":107,"height":108},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nanotherapeutic-potential-in-glaucoma-associated-ocular-cancers/346510.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":9,"@type":110},"Person",{"url":92,"name":112,"@type":113},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-23","2026-09-22",true,{"@type":119,"interactionType":120,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":121},"ViewAction",{"@type":123,"mainEntity":124},"FAQPage",[125,131,135],{"name":126,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":128},"Which ocular cancers are discussed as being associated with glaucoma?","Question",{"text":129,"@type":130},"The document focuses on glaucoma-associated ocular cancers, including uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma, and also mentions choroidal melanoma. It describes how these conditions share overlapping pathological mechanisms.","Answer",{"name":132,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":133},"Why do conventional diagnostic methods struggle in these patients?",{"text":134,"@type":130},"Standard imaging, including optical coherence tomography, often fails to distinguish glaucomatous neurodegeneration from tumour-induced damage. This limits diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.",{"name":136,"@type":127,"acceptedAnswer":137},"How can nanotechnology-based therapies help, and what challenges remain?",{"text":138,"@type":130},"Nanotherapeutics can enable targeted drug delivery, improved imaging contrast, and theranostic (combined diagnostic–therapeutic) functions. 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