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Thrombolytic drugs face hemorrhagic risks, limited thrombus-targeting delivery, and constraints such as a narrow therapeutic window and short half-life, while neuroprotective agents are hindered by blood-brain barrier penetration and other formulation barriers. Nanodrug delivery systems are highlighted as platforms that enhance efficacy and enable BBB penetration through thrombus- and lesion-targeted strategies, including conventional nanomedicines, biomimetic nano-DDS, and exosome-based nanotherapeutics, followed by future perspectives and challenges.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/nanotechnology-donated-ischemic-stroke-therapeutics-evolving-strategies-from-the-basic-to-the-cutting-edge/453979/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/nanotechnology-donated-ischemic-stroke-therapeutics-evolving-strategies-from-the-basic-to-the-cutting-edge/453979.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rhys","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-01","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is thrombolysis challenging in ischemic stroke therapy?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Thrombolytic drugs carry hemorrhagic transformation risks and often have limited thrombus-targeting affinity. Their use is also constrained by a narrow therapeutic window and short half-life.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What main obstacles limit neuroprotective drug efficacy?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Neuroprotective agents are difficult to deliver across the blood-brain barrier, often have poor water solubility, and may exhibit short half-life, leading to suboptimal therapeutic effect.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How do nanodrug delivery systems support ischemic stroke treatment?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Nanodrug delivery systems can improve water solubility and extend circulation time, enhance blood-brain barrier crossing, and enable targeted delivery to thrombi and ischemic brain lesions. The document emphasizes conventional nanomedicines, biomimetic cell membrane-camouflaged systems, and exosome-involved therapeutics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},453979,1790801037,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},687207024643,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Theranostics 2026, Vol. 16, Issue 6 3173  \nIvyspring  \nInternational Publisher  \nTheranostics  \n2026; 16(6): 3173-3205. doi: 10.7150/thno.127504  \nReview  \nNanotechnology-donated ischemic stroke therapeutics: evolving strategies from the basic to the cutting-edge  \nYuting Wang1, Jiaxu Xu1, Wenxuan Yan1, Shenwu Zhang1, Cong Luo1,2􀀍, Yuequan Wang1􀀍  \n1. Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.  \n2. Joint International Research Laboratory of Intelligent Drug Delivery Systems of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, PR China.  \n􀀍 Corresponding authors: Yuequan Wang, PhD.; Cong Luo, Ph.D., Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, [P. R. China. E-mail: wangyuequan@aliyun.com](P. R. China. E-mail: wangyuequan@aliyun.com); [luocong@syphu.edu.cn](luocong@syphu.edu.cn).  \n© The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ([https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)). See [https://ivyspring.com/terms](https://ivyspring.com/terms) for full terms and conditions.  \nReceived: 2025.10.29; Accepted: 2025.12.02; Published: 2026.01.01  \nAbstract  \nIschemic stroke (IS) is accompanied by high disability and mortality. Thrombolysis and neuroprotection are the predominant therapeutic strategies for IS. However, thrombolytic drugs commonly suffer from hemorrhagic risks and unsatisfactory thrombus-targeting delivery. Additionally, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) presents a significant challenge for the effective delivery of neuroprotective drugs. In recent years, nanodrug delivery systems (nano-DDS) have garnered significant attention for their ability to improve drug efficacy in vivo and facilitate BBB penetration. Specifically, thrombus- and cerebral ischemic lesion-targeted nano-DDS have emerged as a versatile toolbox for the precise treatment of IS. Herein, this paper provides an overview on the latest advancements in nano-DDS for IS therapy, covering conventional nanomedicines, cell membrane-camouflaged biomimetic nano-DDS, and exosome-involved nanotherapeutics, with a particular focus on the potential and application of cutting-edge nano-drug delivery techniques. Finally, we discuss the future perspectives and challenges of nano-DDS in the context of IS treatment.  \nKeywords: drug delivery; biomimetic nanotherapeutics; exosome; ischemic stroke  \n1. Introduction  \nStroke represents a leading global cause of mortality and permanent disability, with ischemic stroke (IS) constituting approximately 80% of all cases [1] . According to the latest data from the global burden of disease study, IS remains a devastating global health crisis, responsible for an estimated 7.80 million new cases and 3.59 million deaths worldwide in 2021 [2] . Despite advances in therapeutic interventions, thrombolytic therapy remains the standard clinical treatment for IS, with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) being the only FDA-approved thrombolytic agent [3, 4] . However, the clinical application of tPA is constrained by several challenges, including a narrow therapeutic window (≤4.5 h), a high risk of hemorrhagic transformation and other complications, a short half-life (4-8 min), and limited thrombus affinity [5-7] . Furthermore, while some antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants can promote microvascular  \nvasodilation and reperfusion, their high doses may increase the risk of gastrointestinal and intracranial bleeding [8] .  \nThe pathophysiology of IS is complex, involving a cascade of events that lead to neuronal death. Initially, the ischemic and hypoxic environment prevents neurons from maintaining normal physiological homeostasis [9, 10], triggering the following processes: (i) excitotoxicity, primarily due to excess glutamate production, a neurot","cbCaibgs0IVQOsra","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaibgs0IVQOsra","pdf",14209345,33,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Pathophysiology of ischemic stroke\n## Rationale for nanodrug delivery systems","[{\"question\":\"Why is thrombolysis challenging in ischemic stroke therapy?\",\"answer\":\"Thrombolytic drugs carry hemorrhagic transformation risks and often have limited thrombus-targeting affinity. Their use is also constrained by a narrow therapeutic window and short half-life.\"},{\"question\":\"What main obstacles limit neuroprotective drug efficacy?\",\"answer\":\"Neuroprotective agents are difficult to deliver across the blood-brain barrier, often have poor water solubility, and may exhibit short half-life, leading to suboptimal therapeutic effect.\"},{\"question\":\"How do nanodrug delivery systems support ischemic stroke treatment?\",\"answer\":\"Nanodrug delivery systems can improve water solubility and extend circulation time, enhance blood-brain barrier crossing, and enable targeted delivery to thrombi and ischemic brain lesions. The document emphasizes conventional nanomedicines, biomimetic cell membrane-camouflaged systems, and exosome-involved therapeutics.\"}]","Nanotechnology-donated ischemic stroke therapeutics - evolving strategies from the basic to the cutting-edge | PDF",1790739953,83]